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Risk Behavior and Addiction in Adolescence > 3 - The role of peers: Should Peers be Considered a Risk or Protective Factor? (L3, Laninga-Wijnen & Veenstra, Prinstein & Giletta) > Flashcards

3 - The role of peers: Should Peers be Considered a Risk or Protective Factor? (L3, Laninga-Wijnen & Veenstra, Prinstein & Giletta) Flashcards

1
Q

Why are peers important? (Q)

A

During adolescence:
- More time spend with peers
- Risk behavior often takes place in the company of peers
Assumptions (not direct true!!):
1. Similarity in risk behavior is due to peer influence (bad friends, bad influence)
2. Peer influence is often taking place because peers pressure each other to act in a certain way
3. Peer influence is one of the most important predictors of adolescent behavior

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2
Q

Why are adolescents often similar to their peers (e.g., friends) in risk behaviors? (Q)

A
  • Selection effect: tendency to affiliate with similar peers (e.g. gender, age, ethnicity, behavior)
  • Influence effect: tendency for peers to become more similar over time
  • Multiple social network studies: young individuals become more similar to their friend over time (e.g. aggression, drinking behavior, marijuana use etc)
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3
Q

What type of peer influence is most likely? (Q)

A
  1. More evidence for imitation or conforming to popularity norms (probably because of anticipated rewards)
  2. Moreover, influence is often reciprocal
    Type of influence ramains unclear.
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4
Q

Under which conditions is peer influence most likely? (Q)

A

??
1. More time spend with peers: bad friends-bad influence
? 2. Risk behaviors often take place in the company of peers

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5
Q

What are the four theories about influence in general? (HC)

A
  1. Evolutionary theories
  2. Drastic neurological changes in social brain in adolescence
  3. Socio-strcutural changes make “fitting in” adaptive because it enhanes compatibility (influence-compatibility model)
  4. Theory specific for risk behavior: maturity gap and dual taxonomy model
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6
Q

Explain the theory about drastic neurological changes in social brain in adolescence (HC)

A

Importance of status and affection. Prefrontal is cognitive, more slowly developing. The gap between limbic and prefrontal causes that adolescents have more attention for status than making safe choices.

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7
Q

Explain the theory about sociostructural changes make ”fitting in” adaptive because it enhances compatibility (influence-compatibility model, HC)

A

Peer interacting becomes more complex during the lifetime. If you have peers around you, its divides savety.

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8
Q

Explain the theory about specific for risk behavior: matury gap - dual taxonomy model (HC)

A
  • Moffit argued that there is gap between biological and social maturity; adolescence are not allowed to do some grown-up stuff like voting. They rebel to the adult things, to show that they aren’t children anymore.
  • Driven by the increase in antisocial behaviors (i.e., delinquency) in adolescence
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9
Q

What do newer studies show about peer influence? (HC)

A

Social network analyses.
- Complete networks are analyzed, control for structural tendencies (classrooms for example)
- Distinguish selection from influence

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10
Q

What are two possible processes that underlie similarity in peers? (HC)

A
  1. Selection effects: tendency to affiliate with similar peers (e.g. gender, age, ethnicity, media and leisure preferences, school performance, externalizing behavior, health risk behavior)
  2. Influence effects: tendency for peers to become more similar over time
    Support for both processes.
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11
Q

What is the definition of peer pressure? (HC)

A

“the explicit verbal encouragement/offering of a substance (e.g., alcohol), accompanied by coercion, teasing, or insulting if the person does not accept the offer”

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12
Q

What are four types of influence? (HC)

A
  1. Peer pressure
  2. Imitation
  3. Norms
  4. Mutual reinforcement
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13
Q

What do quantitative studies about peer pressure related to substance use show? (HC)

A
  • Relation ≠ causation
  • Peer pressure measure (incidence) is not valid, nor reliable
    (questionnaires)
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14
Q

What do qualitative studies about peer pressure related to substance use show? (HC)

A
  • No peer pressure but internal self-pressure?
  • Young people indicate that peer pressure is not accompanied by coercion, teasing or bullying/insulting
  • But: social desirability?
    (interviews)
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15
Q

Explain conscious and unconscious imitation (HC)

A
  • Conscious: because of anticipated reward or sanction (Social Learning Theory). When you observe somebody who is drinking alcohol and having fun, than the adolescent will drink alcohol to have fun.
  • Unconscious (Perception-Behaviour Link). Sip rate. People have (almost) the same sip rate when drinking.
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16
Q

What was the most important reason in the ‘smoking in the van’ study why adolescents would smoke? (HC)

A

Imitation.

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17
Q

What is positive peer pressure? (HC)

A

Influence towards lower risk behavior if peers discourage it (verbally or nonverbally).

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18
Q

What are Peer norms (HC)

A

Peer norms reflect a certain level of consensus on what behaviors are expected or typical in a classroom

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19
Q

Which different types of norms do we have? (HC)

A
  1. Descriptive norms (what is majority doing, what is common)
  2. Injunctive norms (what is appropriate, how should one behave?)
  3. Popularity norms (in particular high-status peer set the norm)
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20
Q

What is the informational social influence and what leads this to? (HC)

A

??
- Beliefs that the group is better informed
- Need for accuracy
- Leads to private acceptance
Opzoeken of dit klopt.

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21
Q

What is the normative social influence and what leads this to? (HC)

A
  • Desire to fit in, fear of being ridiculed
  • Need for social acceptance
  • Leads to public compliance
    Opzoeken of dit klopt.
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22
Q

What are the results of the meta-analysis study about sexual risk behavior and the different types of norms? (HC)

A
  • Strongest role for descriptive norms, followed by injunctive norms. It was most important that adolescents knew on average what was happening in their peer group.
  • Minor role for peer pressure (in sexual activity only), and this role disappeared after controlling for selection
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23
Q

How strong is the effect of peer influence according to Gilletta et al.? (HC)

A
  • Peer influence is consistent and robust predictor of adolescence behavior. Internalizing and externalizing. Did not include social network analysis.
  • However, effect size is small. Most longitudinal studies have a big time gap between the metingen. Large heterogeneity.
  • Significant heterogeneity
    Thus… “perhaps peer influence effects may not be as powerful as researchers have often assumed
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24
Q

What are three individual characteristics that makes peer influence more or less likely? (HC)

A
  1. Personality
  2. Self-control
  3. Peer status
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25
Q

What does research say about personality and the influence of peers? (HC)

A

Role of conscientiousness:
- More likely to behave like their friend with low conscientiousness

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26
Q

What does research say about self-control and the influence of peers? (HC)

A
  • Theoretically, it can be expected that youth with low selfcontrol may be more likely to show risky behaviors (act before you think) and also more easily influenced by peers
  • But: evidence is mixed (Hoeben et al., 2016):
  • People with high self control don’t get into delinquency, so they need influence from the outside (external)
  • Students often select each other based on similarities in self-control
27
Q

What does research say about peer status and the influence of peers? (HC)

A
  • Lower peer status (not accepted by others e.g.); make you adopt certain behaviors because you crave social situations
  • Having a lower level of individual peer acceptance within one’s peer networks is likely to make an adolescent more susceptible to influence on alcohol misuse
  • Social hunger to create and maintain any possible friendships will drive adolescents who are lower accepted within the peer network to engage in behaviors that may foster the possibility for positive peer interactions and friendship, or behaviors (e.g., alcohol misuse) that they believe will bring them greater status among peers
28
Q

Definition Peer acceptance (HC)

A

measure of standing in the group, indexed by the number of liking nominations that a child receives

29
Q

What are two parental characteristics that makes peer influence more or less likely? (HC)

A
  1. Overprotective parenting
  2. Coercive interaction style
30
Q

What are contextual factors that makes peer influence more or less likely? (HC)

A

Unstructured setting:
1. Presence of peers (help, positive reinforcement)
2. Absence of adults (lower risk of getting caught)
3. Unstructured activities (boredom, social control)

31
Q

What are the four theoretical explanations underlying adolescents’ shiften attention toward peers and increased openness to peer influence? (Laninga-Wijnen)

A
  1. Evolutionary: humans evolved motivation to obtain affection and status in social networks because of survivel and reproductive benefits
  2. Neurological development: capacity perspective taking, meta-cognitive reasoning, abstract thinking
  3. Finding your true self and developing an unique identity
  4. Socio-structural: adult oversight vastly declines, so peers become more important
32
Q

Vul aan (Laninga-Wijnen). Social networks are…

A

dynamic, friendships may be established over time, can be maintained, or dissolve.

33
Q

What can social network analyses do? (Laninga-Wijnen)

A

They make it possible to seperate the formation and dissolution of relationships and distinguish between different types of peer influence.

34
Q

In what kind of factors do peers have influence? (Laninga-Wijnen)

A

Internalizing problems and some risk behaviors such as delinquency, alcohol use, indirect aggression.

35
Q

What kind of factors does’nt got influenced by peers? (Laninga-Wijnen)

A

Smoking, direct aggression.

36
Q

Vul aan (Laninga-Wijnen). Adolescent select each other based on…

A

similarity in delinquency, alcohol, and tobacco use.

37
Q

Vul aan (Laninga-Wijnen). Peer selection was less likely for …

A

internalizing symptoms, weapon carrying and aggression.

38
Q

Where does ‘active selection’ refers to? (Laninga-Wijnen)

A

Form of similarity-based selection. Adolescent chooses actively to hang out with certain peers because they prefer to do so.

39
Q

When does passive selection may occur? (Laninga-Wijnen)

A

When youth end up with peers who are not necessarily their first friendship of choice.

40
Q

Defintion Preferential attraction/repulsion (Laninga-Wijnen)

A

Active peer selection; they prefer to hang out with certain peers.

41
Q

Definition Default selection (Laninga-Wijnen)

A

Ending up with peers who are not their first friendship of choice.

42
Q

What is active peer influence? (Laninga-Wijnen)

A

Process where peers actively stimulte certain behaviors in adolescents.

43
Q

What is passive peer influence? (Laninga-Wijnen)

A

Implict influence process. Imitation or normative influence.

44
Q

Defintion Mutual encouragement (Laninga-Wijnen)

A

Active peer influence. Peers actively stimulate certain behaviors in adolescents (peer pressure)

45
Q

Definition imitation or normative influence (Laninga-Wijnen)

A

Passive peer influence; implicit influence process.

46
Q

When does imitation and peer pressure are more likely to occur? (Laninga-Wijnen)

A

In smaller networks, such as cliques.

47
Q

Defintion Norm conformity (Laninga-Wijnen)

A

Guidelines for how adolescents should behave to align with peer expectations and to prevent being perceived as a social misfit.

48
Q

When does norm conformity are more likely to take place? (Laninga-Wijnen)

A

In the broader peer context, e.g. classroom or within peer crowds.

49
Q

Vul aan (Laninga-Wijnen). Similarity-based selection may occur as a function of…

A

preferential attraction, default selection or repulsion BUT its not clear to which extent these processes take place for selection based on risk behavior, internalizing problems and adaptive behaviors.

50
Q

Are adolescents more likely to be influenced by their peers passively or actively? (Laninga-Wijnen)

A

Passively (imitation, and conformity to popularity norms) and NOT actively (peer pressure).

51
Q

What does the differential susceptibility theory posits about peer influence? (Laninga-Wijnen)

A

Some individuals have a heightened susceptiblity to their environment, which can result in more adaptive outcomes in positive contexts and more maladaptive outcomes in negative contexts.

52
Q

What is an important factor that may contribute to adolescents’ openness to peer influence? (Laninga-Wijnen)

A

Quality of the relationship with these peers.

53
Q

How can you measure the quality of relationship with peers? (Laninga-Wijnen)

A

Extent to which a relationship is reciprocal.

54
Q

Vul in (Laninga-Wijnen). The few longitudinal social network studies on the impact of individual factors suggest that adolescents low …(1) or …(2) are more susceptible to peer influence, whereas …(3) adolescents are less susceptible to peer influence.

A

1: self-confidence
2: self-esteem
3: callous-unemotional (=a persistent pattern of behavior that reflects a disregard for others, and also a lack of empathy and generally deficient affect)

55
Q

What does have an impact on the strength and direction of peer influence? (Laninga-Wijnen)

A

The norms of popular peers.

56
Q

What are the types of peer selection and which one has the most evidence in research? (Laninga-Wijnen)

A

Preferential attraction, default selection, repulsion.
Most evidence: preferential attraction.

57
Q

What are the types of peer influence and which one has the most evidence in research? (Laninga-Wijnen)

A

Mutual encouragement, imitation, peer pressure and conformity.
Most evidence: imitation, norms of popular peers (conformity).

58
Q

The similarity of youth and their peers are likely due to at least which two processes? (Prinstein)

A
  1. Selection effects
  2. Socialization effects
59
Q

What is the selection effect by similarities between youth? (Prinstein)

A

Adolescents select friends who already possess similar attitudes or behavioral proclivities.

60
Q

What is the socialization effect by similarities between youth? (Prinstein)

A

Process that lead one or more individuals’ attitudes or behaviors to change the attitude or behavior of another.

61
Q

Most research has restricted the study of peer socialization processes to close friends attending the same school as study participants. What are three important limitations of this? (Prinstein)

A
  1. There is an underestimate in the extent to which peer influence youths’ development
  2. There are few studies who have examined peer influence processes as compared to adults’ or siblings’ influence
  3. Due to focussing on one potential source of peer influence, there is a diminished understanding of how youth reconcile conflicting socialization messages
62
Q

What is the most important limitation to the methodological assessment that is based on annual or semi-annual intervals (=jaarlijks/halfjaarlijks)? (Prinstein)

A

It may not cover an appropriate time interval between exposure to peers’ attitudes and behaviours and youth’s own adoption of similar attitudes or behaviours to be able to capture what may be attributable to socialization effects.

63
Q

What has been cited in literature on healthy adjustment? (Prinstein)

A
  • Ability to perceive social norms
  • Motivation to maintain close interpersonal ties
  • Skills required to nimbly adjust one’s attitudes and/or behavior
64
Q

Vul in/aan (Prinstein). Peer influence susceptibility was predicted by higher …(1), including ….

A

1: adaptive traits
high quality mother-child relationships and positive reputations from peers.

Risk Behavior and Addiction in Adolescence (10 decks)

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