4 - The role of parents in the prevention of risk behaviour and addiction (L4, Ryan, Koning)

Question 1

Why are parents important? (Q)

Answer 1

??? Adolescents’ risk behavior may depend on the type of parenting style their parents maintain. And also if parents drink e.g. a lot of alcohol, adolescents will model this.

Question 2

Which parenting strategies are relevant in the understanding of adolescents’ risk behavior? (Q)

Answer 2

1. Autoritairian: much control, little suport
2. Authoritative: much control, much suport
3. Neglectful: little control, little suport
4. Persmissive: little control, much suport

Question 3

Which parenting strategies seem to be effective in preventing adolescents’ alcohol use? (Q)

Answer 3

• Permissive group (children), drink the most and keep drinking the most
• Authoritative kids drink the least
• Strict rules are important!

Question 4

What is the role of self-control when investigating the influence of parents on adolescents’ alcohol use? (Q)

Answer 4

Lower level of self control starts to drink earlier and more amounts
* Higher level in strict rules -> increase self control -> lower the levels of drinking

Question 5

Definition Maturity gap (HC)

Answer 5

Adolescents may experience the maturity gap if they mature biologically early but do not receive recognition from their environment as adults. A possible explanation for the growth of delinquency in adolescence.

Question 6

What are three different kinds of parenting? (HC)

Answer 6

1. General parenting: parenting behavior in general (e.g. communication, talking to your kid).
2. Behavior-specific parenting: parenting behavior that really relate to a type of behavior such as drinking alcohol.
3. Parental modeling: kids model their parents

Question 7

Which theories fit the general, behavior-specific and modeling parenting? (HC)

Answer 7

1. General: ecological model Bronfenbrenner and self-determination theory Ryan & Deci
2. Behavior-specific: parental mediation theorie Clark
3. Modeling: social learning theory Bandura

Question 8

Definition Parenting practices (HC)

Answer 8

Practices that shape the understanding of actions, behaviours and rules, parents exert to regulate the personal and social acts of the child (Ryan et al., 2015).

Question 9

What are two important things in socialization? (HC)

Answer 9

1. Its a two-way street (bi directional)
2. Changes over time (dynamic process)

Question 10

What is behavior-specific parenting and what is it usually about? (HC)

Answer 10

Explicit acts that parents engage in to discourage or prevent their offspring’s smoking or drinking behavior. Related to one type of behavior.
* Rules about … (e.g. alcohol)
* Frequency of communication about…
* Quality of communication about…

Question 11

Why is socialization and self control important by adolescents? (HC)

Answer 11

Kids need limits in order to develop their internal self control
For kids to optimally develop, they need limits in order to develop their internal self control.

Question 12

What is the effect of higher level in strict rules about alcohol use? (HC)

Answer 12

Higher level in strict rules -> increase self control -> lower the levels of drinking (this is mediation)

Question 13

What is a common moderator for alcohol use, rules about alcohol and self control? (HC)

Answer 13

Quality of communication. This is the indirect influence of parenting (only indirect effect on high quality!!)

Question 14

What happens on alcohol use when there is a low quality of communication between parent and adolescent? (HC)

Answer 14

They know how to stop drinking, but perhaps they are not motivated to stop. Bc of the rules they may feel that the parents don’t understand them or perhaps their parents set these rules, make it too strict, and they found it all out by their self

Question 15

What is a direct way parents can influence their child? (HC)

Answer 15

Via modeling.

Question 16

Which group of adolescents is drinking at an earlier age when you look at parents and their consume of alcohol? (HC)

Answer 16

When mother drinks occasionally, and father heavy.

Question 17

What does research say about parents who drink on a daily basis? (HC)

Answer 17

Drinking on a daily basis didn’t show that kids started drinking earlier or heavier.

Question 18

Vul aan (HC). Heavy drinking has a stronger effect on alcohol use on:

Answer 18

• Boys
• Youth in lower levels of education
• Youth with tolerant parents

Question 19

Is general parenting or internet specific parenting more important for digital (social media) use? (HC)

Answer 19

General parenting. While for alcohol use is this the other way around.

Question 20

What is important in behavior (internet) specific parenting? (HC)

Answer 20

• Internet-specific rules: rules and regulations at home, set up in advance. E.g. to what extent are you allowed to keep your smartphone with you while having dinner?
• Reactive mediation: parents try to interfere in the ongoing behavior/situation, trying to stop the ongoing behavior. E.g. how often do your parents tell you that you have 5 min. time left on a device?
• Frequency of communication: e.g. how often do you talk with your parents about what you are doing online?
• Quality of communication: e.g. when I talk with my parents about internet use, I feel understood

Question 21

When is it especially effective to set rules as a parent? (HC)

Answer 21

Setting rules as a parent, is only effective when your child has not developed addictive symptoms, because then it is to late.

Question 22

What does research about emotional intelligence and mobile use by the parent say? (HC)

Answer 22

Children whose parents used their mobile device more frequently in the presence of their child had lower emotional intelligence, and parents who engage in emotional mediation around their childs media use reported higher EI levels in their children.

Question 23

Vul aan (HC). Parents who use / look at their phone while interaction with their child are less:

Answer 23

1. Sensitive
2. Responsive (verbal and non-verbal)
3. Report a lower level of emotional intelligence (Nabi & Wolfers, 2022)

Question 24

What does alcohol-specific parenting mean? (Koning)

Answer 24

Parents exert significant influence on their child’s drinking behavior by the way they raise them with respect to the use of alcohol.

Question 25

What is the strongest predictor of early alcohol use? (Koning)

Answer 25

Strict rule setting from parents.

Question 26

What does the ‘quality of communication about alcohol’ mean? (Koning)

Answer 26

The way parents talk about alcohol issues with their child and the level of mutual understanding and respect between them.

Question 27

What is a strong and consistent predictor of a variety of risk behaviors? (Koning)

Answer 27

Adolescents’ self-control.

Question 28

What does the self-determination theory suggests about self-control? (Koning)

Answer 28

Development of internal control is strongly influenced by the social context, whereby parents play an important role.

Question 29

What is the most important contributor to the development of self-control in terms of parental socialization? (Koning)

Answer 29

External control

Question 30

In what kind of parenting adolescents have lower resistance to parental influence? (Koning)

Answer 30

Adolescents with responsive and demanding parents perceive parental authority as more legitimate and therefore have lower resistance to parental influence. Authoritative parenting.

Question 31

What was found in the study of Koning et al. about stricter rules about alcohol and self-control and alcohol use? (Koning)

Answer 31

A direct relationship between stricter rules about alcohol and more self-control on the one hand and lower rates of drinking on the other was found.

Question 32

What was found in the study of Koning et al. about quality of communication and alcohol use? (Koning)

Answer 32

No direct relationship was found between quality of communication and alcohol use.

Question 33

What did an autonomy-supportive environment as alcohol-specific parenting style predicted? (Koning)

Answer 33

Lower rates of drinking because of an increase in adolescents’ self-control.

Question 34

When is parenting most effective? (Koning)

Answer 34

When a form of external control is combined with parental warmth.

Question 35

What did the study by Koning et al. conclude about self-control and the extent to which alcohol was consumed and the quality of communication? (Koning)

Answer 35

More self-control resulted in less alcohol use only among adolescents with high quality communication.

Question 36

What happens with adolescents and alcohol use in families with poor parent-child communication where parents have strict rules? (Koning)

Answer 36

Adolescents may be less motivated to adhere to parents’ rules, because they perceive parental authority as less legitimate and therefore less inhibited to abstain from drinking.

Question 37

Did parental support predcit higher engagement in self-control? (Koning)

Answer 37

No, thats why intrinsic motivation is needed to use self-controlling skills.

Question 38

What are limitations of the study of Koning et al.?

Answer 38

1. Results are based on self-reported data by adolescents.
2. Adolescents’ self-control is not the only factor that mediates the impact of alcohol-specific parenting on drinking behaviour. Self-control only partially mediated this effect.
3. No distinction was made between the influence of mothers and fathers.
4. A general measure of self-control was used.

Question 39

How can risk-taking behavior can be defined? (Ryan)

Answer 39

Behavior which results in negative outcomes yet is perceived to have positive consequences.

Question 40

Vul in (Ryan). Risk-taking behaviours pose a danger …(1) as well as …(2) to adolescents

Answer 40

1: emotionally
2: physically

Question 41

Defintion Parenting practices (Ryan)

Answer 41

Parenting practices are practices that shape the understanding of actions, behaviours and rules that parents exert to regulate the personal and social acts of the child (communication, monitoring, and knowledge).

Question 42

What leads to problem behavior in adolescents? (Ryan)

Answer 42

Lack of parental emotional warmth and less open communication.

Question 43

What is an additional buffer against adolescent risk behaviors? (Ryan)

Answer 43

The role of culture. It encourages easier parental monitoring and communication practices.

Question 44

When do parenting practices get hampered? (Ryan)

Answer 44

When parents experience psychological distress, what subsequently results in adolescent risk-taking behavior.

Question 45

What are some limitations of the study of Ryan et al.?

Answer 45

1. There was no clarity of defining the concepts of parental monitoring/communication and risk behaviours, which makes it more difficult to compare studies.
2. Most studies were from the global north; thus, the results are indicative of largely western trends