Theories Flashcards
Mind is made up of faculties like reasoning, memory, imagination, etc. These faculties are independent of each other and can be developed by training.
Faculty Theory (18th-19th century)
Intelligence is due to one general factor.
Uni-factor Theory by Alfred Binet
Specialized and Generalized Factors.
Two Factor Theory by Charles Spearman
Which factor in the two factor theory (given by?) is learned and acquired from the environment? Which is universal and inborn? Used everyday or some activities?
Which one predicts greater success and yields higher IQ score
Charles Spearman
S Factor is acquired, used for specific activities and G Factor is universal/inborn, used in everyday activities AS WELL AS SPECIFIC ACTIVITIES.
For eg. chess=G+S1, art=G+S2
More G more success and higher IQ score
In two factor theory (given by?), which factor varies from activity to activity in an individual whereas which factor remains constant in the individual? Elaborate with the help of activities like chess, music and art.
Charles Spearman
In the same individual, G factor remains constant whereas S factor differs from activity to activity. Individual A has G factor, so his/her performance in chess will be S1+G, in art S2+G and music S3+G
Fluid and Crystallized Intelligence Theory
Which one is analogous to working memory, which one to LTM
Raymond Cattell (1971)
Fluid: Working Memory
Crystallized: LTM
People who tend to score high on fluid intelligence also tend to score high on crystallized intelligence (vice-versa). T/F
Moderate positive correlation
Which theory stated that there is nothing like general innate ability. According to this theory, intelligence is said to be constituted of a multitude of separate factors or elements.
Multi Factor Theory/ Atomistic Theory by Edward Thorndike
According to which theory intelligence is made up of three mutually independent abilities like social, mathematical/concrete and abstract.
Multifactor theory/Atomistic Theory by Thorndike
4 attributes of intelligence: level (difficulty), range (no. of tasks), area (total no. of situations at each level to which one must respond), speed.
Which theory? Hint: aka Atomistic Theory
Multifactor Theory by Thorndike
Name the 7 primary mental abilities and its proponent.
Louis Thurstone
Verbal comprehension, verbal fluency, numerical ability, general reasoning, spatial aptitude, speed of perception, associative memory
Name the dimensions of the 3D model given in the structure of intellect. Also give proponent.
Jay Paul Guilford
Content, Operation, Product
Intelligence is performing an operation on a specific type of content to produce a particular product.
CxOxP
4x5x6=120
5x5x6=150 (1967)
5x6x6=180 (1988)
Content in Guilford’s Structure of Intellect
5: Visual, Auditory, Symbolic, Semantic, Behavioral
Operations in Guilford’s Structure of Intellect
6: Cognition, Memory Retention, Memory Recording, Divergent Production, Convergent Production and Evaluation
Products in Guilford’s Structure of Intellect
6: Units, Classes, Relation, Systems, Transformation, Implication
Hierarchical Group Theory of Structure of Cognitive Abilities. Given by? Inspired by?
Philip Ewart Vernon
Inspired by Charles Spearman’s Two Factor Theory
Who put forth that genetic factors influence intelligence (60%) as well as environmental factors. Stated that racial groups differ in average levels of mental ability. Gave a hierarchical model of cognitive abilities.
P.E. Vernon
Hierarchical model by PE Vernon.
G Factors>Major Group Factors (2)>Minor Group Factors (3)>Specific Factors
List.
Major Group Factors 1: Verbal Education with 3 Minor Group Factors: Creative Abilities, Verbal Fluency, Numerical Factors and they have 3 each of specific factors
Major Group Factor 2: Practical Mechanical with 3 Minor Group Factors: Spatial Factors, Psychomotor Factors and Mechanical Information Factors with 3 each of specific factors
9 Multiple Intelligences by?
Howard Gardner
linguistic, logical-mathematical, spatial-visual, musical, bodily-kinesthetic, naturalist interpersonal, intrapersonal—and argued that existentialist intelligence is a possible ninth form.
Triarchic Theory
Robert Sternberg
Analytical, Creative, Practical
Intelligence types
A: biological substrate of mental ability (neuroanatomy, physiology)
B: manifestation of A + everything that influences its expression
C: level of performance/psychometric test of cognitive ability (IQ)
Name theory and proponent
Structural Theory by Eyesenck
Name the 3 correlates of intelligence given in Eyesenck’s structural theory of intelligence.
Reaction Time & Inspection Time (both of which are observed behaviors)
Average Evoked Potential which is reflected by mental waves (wavelength of of electroencephalogram)
Waves of intelligent people is different
A) Potentiality of organism to learn and adapt to environment
B) Ability a person shows in behavior eg. cleverness, efficiency, thinking
Theory given by? Which type is genetic and which one is due to interplay b/w genetic potentiality and environmental stimulation?
Hebb’s Theory
A) genetic
B) genetic + environmental influences
Intelligence is a general factor that runs through all types of performances. The level is different.
Name proponent and levels.
Jensen’s Theory
Level 1(Associative Theory)
STM, rote learning, attention, simple associative skills
Level 2(Cognitive Learning)
Abstract, conceptual, symbolic
Level 1 (Associative Learning)
Level 2 (Cognitive Learning)
Which on is equally distributed and which one is seen more in middle class Anglo Americans as compared to lower class Black populations
According to?
According to Jensen’s theory
Level 1: Equally Distributed
Level 2: More in Middle Class Anglo American than lower class black people
According to Jensen, environmental factors are more important than genetic factors in intelligence. Races, nationality, etc. doesn’t even matter. T/F. Why?
False. Genetic differences exist in intelligence (races, nationality, social classes, etc. are pretty relevant) and are more important than environmental factors.
Conducted twin studies also.
Emotional Intelligence. 4 Abilities
Daniel Goleman
Self awareness, self management, social awareness, relationship management
Cognitive processing framework with brain functions as building blocks. PASS Model. Arrange in order and give brain structures associated with it.
Das & Naglieri
Unit 1: Attention & Arousal (Thalamus & Brain Stem)
Unit 2: Simultaneous & Successive (Occipital & Parietal)
Unit 3: Planning (Prefrontal Cortex)
Who studied first born IQ advantage wrt everchanging intellectual environment of family?
Name theory.
Confluence Model by Zajonc & Markus
IQ of first born in smaller families is higher than IQ of first born in larger families. T/F
Research in which theory, give proponents. Give 2 reasons why.
True. Research by Belmont & Marolla
Confluence Model by Zajonc & Markus
1). They don’t have to share their parents’ attention
2). They’re exposed to more adult language.
Children in larger families have lower IQs. Theory, proponent and reason.
As number of kids increase, general intellectual environment becomes less mature (linguistically also)
Confluence Theory by Zajonc & Markus
Only children have lower IQs than first borns. Give theory, proponent and reason.
1st borns usually tutor younger ones, leads to increase in verbal ability.
Confluence Theory by Zajonc & Markus
Intelligence Test developed in 1904 to identify students with special needs
Binet & Simon
Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale was developed by _____ in 1916.
Terman
Out of all theories, which one is the most researched, empirically supported and comprehensive
CHC Theory (Cattell-Horn-Carroll) given by Schneider & McGrew
CHC Theory was given by?
Number of abilities
Cattell-Horn-Carroll. Worked upon by Schneider & McGrew
16 Broad Abilities
Neuroscience theory of intelligence highlights which parts of the brain
Parieto-Frontal Integration Theory (P-FIT) highlight the role of parietal and frontal brain.
Along with: Posterior cingulate cortex, insular cortex, specific subcortical areas, etc.
Which memory has been tied with fluid intelligence
Working Memory (contributing to a variety of higher cognitive functions)
Capacity, attentional control and ability to retrieve information from LTM are influential in determining individual differences in which types of intelligence? They are components of ______ memory.
Working Memory Components
Fluid Intelligence
