Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Thinking > Problem Solving > Flashcards

Problem Solving Flashcards

1
Q

Types of Problem Solving given by

A

Greeno (1978)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Several instances are given and one has to find the rule/pattern involved.
Name type of problem given by Greeno

A

Inducing Structure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Initial stage given and one has to find the sequence of operations that will produce goal state.
Name type of problem given by Greeno

A

Transformation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

All elements given are arranged in a way that problem is solved.
Name type of problem by Greeno.

A

Arrangement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Examples of problems are given. Name type of problem given by Greeno
1). Hanoi Tower Problem
2). Anagrams
3). Reasoning by Analogy
4). Luchin Water Mug

A

1). Inducing Structure: Reasoning by Analogy
2). Transformation: Hanoi Tower Problem
3). Arrangement: Anagram, Luchin water mug

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Characteristics of a well defined problem:
Clear given and end state, limited no. of operations which can be applied to given state.
If these 3 are present, then any problem can be solved by a computer. T/F

A

T

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

There is no way to find an algorithmic solution to ill defined problems. T/F

A

F. Ill defined problems can be divided into sub-problems which can be well defined.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

It is ill defined problems which require creativity. Well defined ones can be solved using simple algorithms, creativity not needed. T/F

A

F. Even well defined problems involve creativity if analysed in depth.
Ill defined problems can be divided into sub problems which can be well defined.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

3 concepts of problem solving
1). Problem currently in a state of flux
2). Problem should be in a different state
3). No direct, obvious way to effect the change.
Concepts given by?

A

Mayer (1983)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Rearrange:
Evaluation, Organizing of Information, Monitoring, Problem Identification, Allocation of Resources, Problem Definition, Strategy Formulation

A

1). Problem Identification
2). Problem Definition
3). Strategy Formulation
4). Organizing of Information
5). Allocation of Resources
6). Monitoring
7). Evaluation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Four stages by Graham Wallas

A

1). Preparation
2). Incubation
3). Insight
4). Verification

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Stages:
1). Understand problem
2). Make plan
3). Carry out plan
4). Looking back
Theory given by

A

Polya (1957)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Information Processing Theory of Problem Solving was given by

A

Newell & Simon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Name concept where problem solver continuously works to reduce the difference between the current state and the goal state. This involves selecting operators that minimize the difference.
Information Processing of Problem Solving (Given by?)

A

Means-End Analysis
Given by Newell & Simon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

State Representation: defining initial and goal state
Problem Space: has possibilities of all states between initial and end goal state
Operators: Can be taken to reduce space between initial and goal state
Concepts of which theory of problem solving?

A

Information Processing Theory of Problem Solving by Newell & Simon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Means-End Analysis, Subgoal Decomposition, Heuristics
Concepts of which theory of problem solving

A

Information Processing Theory of Problem Solving by Newell and Simon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Name this heuristic technique which involves the tendency to rely too heavily on the first piece of information encountered when making decisions. Subsequent adjustments are often insufficient, leading to a biased final judgment.

A

Anchoring/Adjustment Heuristics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Which heuristic is based on the influence of emotions or feelings on decision-making? People tend to make judgments and decisions based on their emotional reactions, valuing positive experiences and avoiding negative ones.

A

Affect Heuristic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Name this heuristic, people assess the probability of an event or the frequency of a category based on its availability in memory. If something is easily recalled, it is often considered more probable or frequent.

A

Availability Heuristic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Example: If a person hears about a plane crash on the news, they might overestimate the likelihood of such events occurring because the vivid and dramatic nature of the information makes it more available in their memory. Name heuristic.

A

Availability Heuristic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Name this heuristic involves making judgments about the probability of an event based on how similar it is to a prototype or stereotype. It relies on categorizing objects or events based on how representative they are of a particular category.

A

Representativeness Heuristic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Example: If someone encounters a person who fits their stereotype of a librarian (glasses, quiet demeanor), they might incorrectly assume that this person is indeed a librarian, neglecting the base rate or overall probability.
Name the heuristic.

A

Representativeness Heuristic

23
Q

Determinants of Representativeness Heuristic

A

Similarity, Randomness (neglecting it?), Algorithm

24
Q

The perceptual approach of Restructuring has been derived from which school of psychology

A

Gestalt

25
Q

Assumptions and fixation help in solving a problem faster. T/F

A

F.
They’re obstacles in problem solving.

26
Q

Tendency to approach problems using the same mindset or strategy, even when alternative solutions exist.

A

Mental Fixedness

27
Q

Individuals may have difficulty seeing alternative uses for familiar objects.

A

Functional Fixedness

28
Q

Language is not essential for thinking. T/F

A

T. Deaf people think

29
Q

“Thinking is inner speech”

A

Watson

30
Q

“Thought determines language”

A

Piaget

31
Q

“Language determines thought”

A

Bejamin Whorf

32
Q

1). Language is solely a conduit for converting pre-existing ideas into transmissible form.
2). Language plays a formative role in shaping thought.
Which one’s the contemporary thought and which one’s traditional

A

Conduit: Traditional
Formative role: Modern

33
Q

“Language & thought are independent processes until the child is 2 years old”

A

Lev Vygotsky

34
Q

Language Acquisition Device
Which principle of Universal Grammar Theory?

A

Noam Chomsky
Poverty of Stimulus
Not possible to learn native language purely via exposure hence language must be already programmed in brain.

35
Q

All languages are inherently and deeply similar such thay all humans are capable of learning any language at a young age. Name concept, theory and proponent.

A

Universality of Language in Universal Grammar Theory given by Naom Chomsky

36
Q

Since all languages are similar, humans can understand verbal and tonal cues between 2 languages with similar characteristics even if they’re unfamiliar with it. Name principle, theory and proponent.

A

Principle of Convergence
Universal Grammar Theory
Naom Chomsky

37
Q

Term metacognition

A

John Flavell

38
Q

Knowledge and control kids have over their own thinking and learning. Concept of and definition by?

A

Metacognition, Cross and Paris

39
Q

Awareness of one’s own thinking, awareness of the content of one’s conceptualisation, active monitoring of one’s cognitive processes, attempt to regulate one’s cognitive processes

A

Metacognition by Hennessey

40
Q

1). Awareness about themselves and other people as cognitive processes
2). Control over cognition & learning experiences via set of methods that help you regulate learning
3). Cognitive efforts currently taking place
(Regulation/Experience/Knowledge)

A

1). Metacognition Knowledge
2). Metacognition Regulation
3). Metacognition Experiences

41
Q

Types of Metacognition Knowledge
1). Factual information/ what one knows about oneself/ factors which can influence one’s performance
2). How to do something/ how to perform steps which make up a task
3). When to use a procedure/skill/strategy and when not to
Select amongst:
Procedural, Conditional, Factual

A

1). Factual
2). Procedural
3). Conditional

42
Q

Skills in Metacognition Regulation
1). Selection of strategies, right assignment of resources
2). Awareness of understanding of task performance
3). Assessment of final result and efficiency
Select amongst: (Evaluating, Planning, Monitoring)

A

1). Planning
2). Monitoring
3). Evaluating

43
Q

Cognitive process in which we use symbols as representations of objects/events.

A

Thinking

44
Q

Types of thinking
1). Perceptual/Concrete
2). Conceptual/Abstract
3). Reflective
4). Creative
5). Critical

A

1). Perception of concrete objects
2). Concepts, symbols, language
3). insight based, uses previous experiences to solve a problem
4). rearranging stimuli to create something new
5). making reasoned judgment examining assumptions

45
Q

Computed analogy: input device, processing unit, storage unit, output device

A

Input: Sensory Register
Processing Unit: STM
Storage Unit: LTM
Output Device: Motor Organs/Senses

46
Q

Specific knowledge about a particular object/Mental representations used for cognitive functioning vs group based on shared properties

A

Concept and Category

47
Q

When we encounter a stimulus, features are registered early and automatically. The objects are identified separately and later in processing.
Name theory and proponents. Stages, too

A

Feature Integration Theory by Treisman & Garry Gelade

1). Pre-attentive Stage: Individual focuses on one distinguishing feature of object
2). Focused Attention: Where individual combines all observed features to form a complete perception

48
Q

Collection of ideas, prior knowledge and symbolic representations/organized information which guides thought and behavior

A

Schema

49
Q

Model where each category has a best example whereas model wherein all concepts are examples.

A

Prototype Model
Exemplar Model

50
Q

How are prototypes selected?

A

Variety of ways, usually just concepts that you’ve come across more frequently

51
Q

Discovering features that are “common” to a large number of objects and associate these with a symbol which can be applied to other objects.

A

Concept Formation

52
Q

Psychological processes in Concept Formation
1). Observation stage
2). Forming a general idea about common properties of some object
3). Differentiation, becoming aware of differences
4). When mind analyzes perceived images & synthesizes what is common to all while ignoring what is unique, that is, the process of noticing similarities & commonalities

A

1). Perception
2). Generalization
3). Discrimination
4). Abstraction

53
Q
A

Thinking (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions