Ciccarelli 3/3 Flashcards
System for combining symbols (eg. words) so that infinite number of meaningful statements can be made for the purpose of communicating with others
Language
Innate program with schemas for human language due to which complexities of grammar rules are “wired in”
Name and proponent.
Language Acquisition Device
Noam Chomsky
LAD wasn’t supported since research findings revealed no hierarchical development of language comprehension in underlying brain processes. T/F
False.
Hierarchical development of language comprehension in underlying brain processes.
Basic units of sound in a language.
Infants are born with the ability to recognize only few such sounds. T/F
Phonemes
F. Infants can recognize all phonemes till 9 months. After which the ability deteriorates and infants recognize only phonemes to which it was exposed.
Smallest unit of meaning in a language
Morhpeme
System of rules for combining words and phrases to form grammatically correct sentences
Rules for determining meaning of words and sentences
Syntax and Semantics
Practical aspects of communicating with others
Pragmatics
Taking turns while talking, the gestures we use and even intonation fall under?
Pragmatics
The stages of language development are different for different cultures. T/F
F
They’re common to all kids, irrespective of culture
Kids understand far more than they can produce. This concept is known as and was given by?
Receptive-Productive Lag
Given by- Stevenson
Kids who produce vowels at 2 mo are _____ing whereas kids who produce both vowels and consonants at 6 mo are _____ing.
Cooing, babbling
Deaf kids decrease babbling by __ month and increase primitive hand signs and gestures.
6 months
Which stage of language development is seen at one year?
One Word Speech
“Doggy bad”, “mama go”
Whole phrases in one word are known as? They only have words which carry meaning. Seen at which stage and age?
Holophrases at one and half years during Telegraphic Speech Stage.
Whole sentences from a kid at which stage?
Enlist all 5 stages with ages
Preschool
1). Cooing (2mo)
2). Babbling (6mo)
3). One word speech (1yo)
4). Telegraphic speech (1.5yo)
5). Whole sentences (preschool)
Preschool kids talk to themselves even when playing with other kids. About things which are totally unrelated to the speech of another.
What was this called by Piaget and Vygotsky? It increases or decreases with age? Research corroborates which stance
PIAGET: called it Collective Monologue which was a type of non social, egocentric speech which decreased with time
VYGOTSKY: called it Private Speech which was a way for kids to form thoughts and control actions. It increased with time.
Evidence: Private speech used more by kids (esp bright ones) when learning how to socialize with others or when working on a difficult task.
Linguistic term for the way kids plan behavior and organize actions so that goals can be obtained.
Increases/decreases with time?
Private Speech given by Vygotsky
It increases with time
According to whom, concepts are pegs upon which language shaped clothes are hung.
Reframe stance which was put forth by?
Thought develops language.
by Piaget
Thought processes and concepts withing any culture are determined by the words of the culture.
Name this principle and whom it was given by
Linguistic Relativity Hypothesis given by Sapir and Benjamin Whorf.
Words people use determines much of the way they think of the world around them. Aka thought shapes language as stated by Piaget. T/F
F.
Language shapes thought.
Supported by Vygotsky, Benjamin Whorf and Sapir
Concepts are universal and influence language development. This stance is known as?
Cognitive Universalism
Cognitive Universalism supports Linguistic Relativity
F.
Cognitive Universalism contradicts Linguistic Relativity
According to research, (Linguistic Relativity/Conceptual Universalism) stands true when it comes to perceptual discrimination whereas (Linguistic Relativity/Conceptual Universalism) stands true when it comes to higher level concepts. Give researches which support it.
Linguistic Relativity: Perceptual Discrimination
Eg. Dani tribe just know two words of colors, but able to identify all.
Conceptual Universalism: Higher level concepts
Eg. Eating habits of animals conveyed. Blackbird being compared to flamingo/bat. Resembled bat, but some kids were told it’s a bird so they matched it with flamingo’s eating habits. Rest didn’t.
This was a higher concept where inferences were made on category membership rather than perceptual similarity
Even our reasoning can be impacted by word usage including while making important decisions like how to manage crime. Concept?
Linguistic Relativity
Bilinguism hinders cognitive development. T/F
facilitates
Having mother’s tongue as medium of instruction ensures better transfer of skills and educational gains. Research by?
Determined by academic/non-academic considerations?
Mohanty
Non-academic such as emotive factors, goals of community and needs
India is/was (?) showing a trend of subtractive bilingualism. How?
English domination over local languages. Local languages themselves organized in a hierarchy leading to inequality and marginalization of large number of languages.
Not having proficiency in any of the languages being used.
Semi-lingualism
Kanzi, the chimp, gained language skills of a two year old child. His brother, 4 year old. T/F
F.
True about only Kanzi.
Otherwise, no animal has reached language development of a 3 year old and no syntax formation has been seen either.
More efficient mental set shifting is seen in monolingualists rather than bilingualists.
Bilingualists.
Physical exercise has been liked with neurogenesis in which part of the brain.
Hippocampus
After exercising consistently for 6 weeks (aerobic exercise), increase myelination of hippocampal neurons was observed and the results were permanent.
Temporary Results,
Went back to pre-exercise levels after discontinuation of aerobic exercise.
