Ciccarelli 2/3 Flashcards
Decontextualized cognitive process involving mental operations/ Decontextualized abstract structure of cognitive abilities
Western/Non-Western view?
Intelligence.
Western
Equivocality, non-linearity, uni-dimensionality.
Explain with reference to the concept of intelligence
Equivocality: Ambiguous due to multitude in possible interpretations
Linear model: would imply that intelligence can be measured along a single dimension or scale, and there is a consistent, predictable progression from lower to higher intelligence
Uni-dimensionality: all the various aspects and facets of intelligence are essentially manifestations of a single, overarching factor
Intelligence is same withing people, manifestations differ with individual’s experiences. T/F
Name individual associated
T.
Franz Boas (father of modern anthropology/american anthropology)
Intelligence tests should also measure earlier learning experiences. Why?
Because cross-cultural researches reveal that faring well on an intelligence test depends on their life experiences and exposure.
For example: Comparing two African Tribes, Yoruba tribe members were more rational and logical whereas Nupe tribe was more spatial and temporal
(Nadel)
While reproducing patterns with wire, pencil/paper and clay, Zambian kids performed better with wire rather than pencil/paper since they were more familiar with wire usage rather than pencil/paper. Reverse was seen with British kids. Both performed equally well with clay. (Serpell)
What can be inferred about intelligence tests from this cross-cultural research?
Intelligence tests should also measure earlier learning experiences.
Which view on intelligence argues that conceptualization and manifestation of intelligence differs from culture to culture
Cultural View
Emotional Competence, Cognitive Competencies, Social Competence and Entrepreneurial Characteristics: These are components of (Western/Indian) conceptualizations of intelligence.
Indian
Broad based effective functioning of persons in relation to their multiple contexts refers to _____ perspective of the (Western/Eastern) conceptualizations of intelligence.
Integral Perspective.
Eastern View
Integration, Innovation, Adaptation, Change: Classify Western/Eastern
Integration and Adaptation: Eastern
Change and Innovation: Western
MA/CA x100
Given by?
William Stern
The comparison of mental and chronological ages is a valid measure of intelligence across one’s entire life. T/F
F.
Becomes meaningless after age 16.
1). Fluid Reasoning
2). Working Memory
3). Knowledge
4). Visual-Spatial Processing
5). Quantitative Processing
These items belong to which test: WAIS IV or SB-5
SB-5
Which intelligence test was the first to have specific age group norms? Why the need?
Wechsler.
SB which was initially developed for kids was being used for adults as well
The original SB test and WAIS both had verbal and non-verbal items.
SB originally had just verbal items predominantly whereas WAIS included both verbal and non-verbal items and hence, provided an overall score of intelligence.
1). Verbal Comprehension
2). Processing Speed Index
3). Working Memory Index
4). Perceptual Reasoning Index
These are dimensions of SB-5 or WAIS IV?
WAIS-IV
Extent to which obtained score accurately reflects intended skill/outcome in real-life situations.
Ecological Validity
IQ scores become (more/less) valid as one approaches lower end of IQ range. Provide implications.
Less valid.
Hence, can’t be used for an accurate diagnosis for developmentally delayed individuals. Better measure: level of adaptive functioning and need for external support.
William Stern’s formula vs Normal Curve of intelligence: which one’s a better measure?
NC
The Dove Counterbalance General Intelligence Test was based on African American culture in 1960s-1970s. Give proponent and what it highlighted.
Highlighted language/dialect barrier, hence cultural bias.
Given by Adrian Dove.
How to make a test culturally fair
Use non-verbal items
Eg. RPM
Predictive value of IQ scores (in terms of academic success, job performance, etc.) is (high/low) for (higher/average/lower) scores in the NC of intelligence.
More true for higher/lower
Less clear for average scores
Traumatic brain injury/concussions (3/more) make it 3x more likely for a person to have memory problems
5x more likely to have cognitive impairments (precursor to Alzheimer’s)
Repetitive TBIs are linked with Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (progressive brain disease)
wow
Percentage of population developmentally delayed, according to American Psychiatric Association
How many SD below IQ mean does it have to be to qualify as an intellectual disability?
Vast majority have (mild/profound)
One percent
2SDs below
When 1SD=15, Mean=100
Cut off=70 and below
Vast Majority: Mild ID
3 requisites for diagnosis of ID
1) Below 70
2). Adaptive behavior below appropriate level for age
3). Limitations must begin in developmental period
CONCEPTUAL: Cognitive deficits identified in school, concrete thinkers when adults
SOCIAL: At risk of being manipulated, social judgment and interactions are immature
PRACTICAL: Capable of living independently but require support with complex tasks like raising a family
Characteristics of?
Mild ID
CONCEPTUAL: Simple matching, sorting
SOCIAL: Very poor communication skills, non verbal with family/caretakers
PRACTICAL: Participate by watching, assisting; dependent on others for other forms of care
Characteristics of?
Profound ID
3 Dimensions of Adaptive functioning
Conceptual, Social, Practical
PCB
Polychlorinated Biphenyl
Defect in gene on X chromosome (23rd pair) which results in deficiency in protein needed for brain development. Results in below average IQ. Name disorder.
More frequently seen in (males/females)?
Fragile X Syndrome
Seen more frequently in males
People with ID aren’t as responsive to love and affection as “normal” people. T/F
FALSE!!!!!
Need to be loved, cared for like others. More even
Gifted vs Genuis
Gifted: 130 IQ (2% pop)
Genius: 140-145 IQ (<0.5% pop)
First person to use the word gifted.
Hint: first person to truly conduct a longitudinal study. Name it.
Terman
Terman’s Termites
Which higher IQ range have social and behavioral adjustment problems
180
Gifted children are more susceptible to mental illnesses. T/F
Not anymore than normal population. They’re actually more resistant to mental illnesses than people with average intelligence.
EQ first introduced by
Peter Salovey & John Mayer
Environmental influences tend not to be a factor in determining intelligence by adolescence. T/F
T.
With age, even though genetic factors don’t change, their effect becomes larger (Posthuma)
Similar environmental influences become less important over time accounting for only 20% of variance in intelligence by age 11 or 12.
What about genetic influences? Do they (increase/decrease) with time?
They increase with age
(Posthuma)
Proportion of change in IQ within a population which is caused by hereditary factors for intelligence. This is called?
(Plomin)
Heritability
Heritability for intelligence is ___ initially and ___ at age 65.
0.5
Later: 0.9
Heritability applied to group of people as well as individuals. T/F
Explain.
It applied to just group of people, not individuals themselves.
When we say that the heritability of intelligence is, for example, 0.5, it means that 50% of the variability in intelligence within that specific population can be attributed to genetic factors. However, this does not mean that 50% of an individual’s trait is determined by genetics. Heritability doesn’t tell us anything about how much of a trait is due to genetics for a specific person.
Awareness of a stereotype interferes with performance. This concept is known as and was given by?
Stereotype Threat given by Steele & Aronson
Heritability applies to differences which can be found WITHIN a group and not BETWEEN groups. Why?
Heritability estimates can only be made truly from a group that was exposed to similar environments.
Bell Curve Experiment by Herrnstein & Murray provided evidence for significant genetic differences between racial groups. Corroborated further?
No.
No significant relationship between ethnicity and IQ.
(Neisser)
