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Psychology GRE > Theories > Flashcards

Theories Flashcards

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1
Q

Alfred Alder’s theory of personality

A

Typology based on personal activity and social interest

Sanguine: socially useful: high activity, high social contribution
Choleric: Dominant: high activity but low in social contribution
melancholic: avoidant: low in activity, low social contribution
phlegmatic: dependent: low activity high social contribution

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2
Q

Structuralist vs. Functionalist view of consciousness

A

Structuralist: set of discrete parts, purpose is to study structure
Functionalist: set of one entity and purpose is to study meaning/purpose of con

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3
Q

Schachter and Singer theory of emotion

A

physiological reaction –> cognition –> ——> emotion
Basically you attribute a physiological response to feeling a certain way
cognition = the interpretation of physiological arousal

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4
Q

Ebbinghaus’ forgetting curve

A

Forgetting happens rapidly at first, and then gradually

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5
Q

Victor Frankl therapy

A

Logotherapy: meaning-based

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6
Q

Equity theory

A

Explains the idea that over-benefitted people tend to feel guilty
whether interactions are fair to both parties involved

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7
Q

social exchange theory

A

weighs interpersonal interaction through risk and benefit
Example, if asked on a date, you will weight costs and benefits of that date

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8
Q

reciprocal interaction

A

social exchange that takes place in a back and forth manner (like neighbors reciprocating favors for each other)

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9
Q

Jung’s analytic theory focused on:

A

dream analysis

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10
Q

Central vs. peripheral route of persuasion

A

Central: relies on attentiveness of listener, validity of the argument, credentials of the person delivering the message

Peripheral: uses indirect cues to associative positivity with a choice/argument (attactiveness, happiness etc. most commercials)

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11
Q

Mary Ainsworth different attachment style’s

A

Secure

Anxious-avoidant (high amount of stress internally, but baby will seem aloof/detached from caregivers, can seem ok with strangers)

Anxious-resistant: high amount of stress and child is very distressed (cries a ton)

Disorganized: inconsistent response from infant, oscillates from resistant to avoidant and vice versa

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12
Q

Freud’s stages of development (with ages)

A

Oral: 0-1 years: focus on mouth, (sucking/feeding)

Anal: 1-3 years: focus on anus (bowel/bladder control)

Phallic: 3-6 years: focus on genitals, oedipus complex era

Latency: 6-12 years: N/A sexual feelings dormant!

Genital: 12+ years: other people’s genitals!

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13
Q

Oral stage: 0-1
successful resolution and fixation

A

resolution: weaning

fixation: oral agression (verbal abuse) or oral passivity (smoking, over-eating)

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14
Q

Anal stage: 1-3
successful resolution and fixation

A

Resolution: toilet training

Fixation: anal retention (neat/tidy) or anal expulsion (disorganized)

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15
Q

Phallic stage: 3-6 years
successful resolution and fixation

A

Resolution: gender identification

Fixation: difficulty with intimate relationships

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16
Q

Latency stage: 6-12 years
successful resolution and fixation

A

Resolution: social interaction
Fixation: arrested development

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17
Q

Genital stage: 12+ years
successful resolution and fixation

A

Resolution: intimate relationships

Fixation: sexual and intimacy issues

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18
Q

Bartlett’s theory of reconstructive memory:

A

memory is not photographic, but instead incorporates schemas that are then inserted into memories

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19
Q

Craig and Lockhart’s levels of processing:

A

deeper the memory is processed, the longer the trace memory will last (trace memory = engram, how memory is stored in the brain)

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20
Q

neurotic anxiety according to freud

A

When a person fears that their id will overpower their ego

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21
Q

taste aversion is a form of:

A

classical conditioning

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22
Q

Hans Selye’s 3 stage General Adaptation Syndrome

A

In reaction to a prolonged stressor:

Stage 1: Alarm stage: fight or flight

Stage 2: Resistance: Body takes on adaptations to deal with the stress

Stage 3: Exhaustion: Body collapses from prolonged stress, can result in severe illness or death

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23
Q

SAM vs. HPA response

A

SAM:
sympathetic activation of adrenal medulla
HPA: hypo-pitu-arenal

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24
Q

misinformation effect

A

eyewitness testimony is prone to distortion based on post-event information

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25
Q

Karen’s Horney’s theories

A

basic anxiety, basic evil, basic hostility
stems from parent-child relationship

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26
Q

According to Carl Jung, the most most important time of one’s life is:

A

Midlife
Already have career and family (maybe) and can focus on spiritual and individual development

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27
Q

Catharsis hypothesis

A

Letting out aggression, usually in a safe way, can relieve aggressive impulses.

But not actually safe and effective to reduce excess aggression

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28
Q

Artificial intelligence uses which types of problem solving?

A

heuristics and algorithms

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29
Q

3 stages of prenatal development

A

germinal, embryonic, fetal
gef
seed –> embryo –> fetus

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30
Q

over-regularization

A

when you apply grammatical rules across the board without understanding there are irregular forms
“I goed to school”

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31
Q

overextension

A

generalizing meanings of words:
all men become “dada”

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32
Q

motherese

A

baby talk

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33
Q

syntax

A

word order

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34
Q

Overcompensation

A

term by Alfred Alder, how people with a particular weakness will often turn it into a strength

35
Q

place theory of hearing vs. frequency theory of hearing

A
  1. place-theory: how hair cells are stimulated at different places in the basilar membrane.
    accounts for how humans hear high pitch and frequency sounds (explains high theories better)
  2. frequency theory: how hair cells can fire at the same rate as the frequency (explains low frequencies better)
36
Q

opponent processing theory for vision

A

suggests that looking at one color for a long period causes those receptor cells to become fatigued.
When they begin sending weaker signals, their opposing cells fire, sending signals that cause the perception of the opposing color.

For example, we do see yellowish-greens and reddish-yellows, but we never see reddish-green or yellowish-blue color hues

37
Q

conduction hearing loss vs. sensorineural hearing loss

A

conduction: hearing loss based on mechanical problems in conducting the sound waves to the cochlea

sensorineural hearing loss: hearing loss known as nerve deafness: damage to the receptor cells or auditory nerve

38
Q

hypothetico-deductive system

A

theory of learning described by Clark Hull, believed he could predict human behavior by looking at all the possible variables and determining a relationship between input and output

39
Q

Parts of self-presentation:

A

self-promotion, self-deprecation, self-verification, ingratiation (trying to make yourself very likable)

40
Q

Allan Paivio’s dual coding theory

A

-How memory combines both visual and verbal components
-verbal representations and mental images interact

41
Q

A schema is:

A

A mental framework guiding processing of new information

42
Q

Cephalocaudal vs. proximodistal

A

Cephalocaudal: Children’s growth trends from top down
proximodistal: growth trend from torso to the extremities

43
Q

motion parallax

A

phenomenon where close objects appear to fly by, ad far away objects move slowly/remain stationary

43
Q

motion parallax

A

phenomenon where close objects appear to fly by, ad far away objects move slowly/remain stationary

44
Q

Night terrors and sleep walking often occur during what stage of sleep?

A

N3: deepest stage of sleep, slow brain waves (not REM)
Delta waves

45
Q

In Khaneman’s theories on risk adversion, what was NOT a confounding variable?

A

Age

46
Q

Baddeley’s short term/long term memory theory “two slave systems”:

A

When 2 domains are engaged (visual and auditory for example) information is processed with the same efficiency

central executive funnels instructions to separate (sensory-based) subservient systems

47
Q

Stages of speech development in children

A

Cooing, babbling, overextension (holographic/one-word speech), telegraphic (two words), over regularization (extending rules of speech)

48
Q

Learning is most effective when the US is presented in what pairing sequence?

A

Delayed pairing: neutral sequence is presented first and remains present during US
(light on before and during shock)

49
Q

Realistic conflict theory:

A

one person or group’s gain is a loss for another

50
Q

glass ceiling effect

A

when women can get close to positions and not reach them

51
Q

glass cliff effect

A

when women given high positions only because there is risk involved and the likelihood of failing

52
Q

superordinate goals

A

goals that are desired by multiple groups in different areas but can come together to achieve mutual goals

53
Q

Weber’s law

A

to detect change= constant proportion, varies among stimuli types but constant for a given stimulus

54
Q

Ekman’s 6 basic emotions:

A

fear, disgust, anger, surprise, happiness, sadness

55
Q

assimilation vs. accommodation

A

assimilate: absorb/generalize new info
accommodate: to “adapt”

56
Q

categorical perception of human speech:

A

the phenomenon in which a continuous acoustic dimension, such as voice-onset time, is perceived as having distinct categories with sharp discontinuities at certain points.
telling the difference between phonemes

57
Q

knowing what could help people lie?

A

mental representations

58
Q

use of polite words is known as:

A

pragmatics

59
Q

universal grammar

A

A Chomsky thing
system of categories, mechanisms and constraints shared by all human languages and considered to be innate

Why children can form sentences they have never heard before

60
Q

morphology

A

study of how words are put together

61
Q

multimodal theory

A

theory of attention by Johnston and Heinz
Attention= flexible, allows for attention to be selected for at 3 stages:

-1. sensory representations
-2. semantic representations
-3. both enter the consciousness

62
Q

organizational vs. activation effects of hormones

A

Organizational effects: permanent and occur early in development

activational effects are transient and occur throughout life

63
Q

decenter

A

to think about the width, depth and height

64
Q

seriation

A

the ability to put things in order based on quantity or magnitude
ex. counting

65
Q

IQ: nature nuture?

A

hereditary: IQ is more predicted by genes than environment

66
Q

Lateral hypothalamus

A

feeding/hunger

67
Q

Flynn effect

A

gradual increase in IQ scores over the last century

68
Q

MGN vs. LGN

A

MGN: auditory
inferior colliculi –> MGN —> auditory cortex
LGN: visual
superior colliculi –> LGN —> visual cortex

69
Q

preattentive process

A

good for detecting basic features of objects in the display. ex. line in a field of circles

70
Q

subliminal messages can

A

influence short term memory change

71
Q

consolidation

A

when temporary changes become more permanent in a neural circuit

72
Q

reverberating circuit

A

can be used to explain learning and memory

neural circuit in which nerve impulses that were initially activated in response to stimuli are more or less continuously reactivated so that retrieval of information on demand is possible.

73
Q

Ponzo illusion

A

Central aspect of a simple line image—e.g. the length, straightness, or parallelism of lines—appears distorted by other aspects of the image—e.g. other background/foreground lines, or other intersecting shapes.

74
Q

phi phenomenon

A

if adjacent stationary lights flash on and off in sequence, people will perceive motion

illusion of movement that arises when stationary objects—light bulbs, for example—are placed side by side and illuminated rapidly one after another.

75
Q

supplication

A

Eliciting sympathy in orer to create a positive impression

76
Q

exemplification

A

projecting an image of integrity and moral worthiness.
religion does this a lot

77
Q

Normative influence

A

conformity motivated by a fear of rejection

78
Q

typicality effect

A

things that are more typical are judged more easily to fit a category than atypical

79
Q

whole object bias

A

tendancy of children to assume a word reflects a whole object rather than a specific part of an object

80
Q

method of limits

A

stimuli are presented in a graduated scale, and participants must judge whether they detected the stimulus or not

81
Q

magnitude estimation

A

subjects to estimate the magnitude of physical stimuli by assigning numerical values proportional to the stimulus magnitude they perceive

82
Q

spurious variable

A
83
Q

Mere exposure effect

A

Tendency to rate stimuli more positively if you’ve been exposed to theM

Psychology GRE (6 decks)

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