Theories Flashcards
Alfred Alder’s theory of personality
Typology based on personal activity and social interest
Sanguine: socially useful: high activity, high social contribution
Choleric: Dominant: high activity but low in social contribution
melancholic: avoidant: low in activity, low social contribution
phlegmatic: dependent: low activity high social contribution
Structuralist vs. Functionalist view of consciousness
Structuralist: set of discrete parts, purpose is to study structure
Functionalist: set of one entity and purpose is to study meaning/purpose of con
Schachter and Singer theory of emotion
physiological reaction –> cognition –> ——> emotion
Basically you attribute a physiological response to feeling a certain way
cognition = the interpretation of physiological arousal
Ebbinghaus’ forgetting curve
Forgetting happens rapidly at first, and then gradually
Victor Frankl therapy
Logotherapy: meaning-based
Equity theory
Explains the idea that over-benefitted people tend to feel guilty
whether interactions are fair to both parties involved
social exchange theory
weighs interpersonal interaction through risk and benefit
Example, if asked on a date, you will weight costs and benefits of that date
reciprocal interaction
social exchange that takes place in a back and forth manner (like neighbors reciprocating favors for each other)
Jung’s analytic theory focused on:
dream analysis
Central vs. peripheral route of persuasion
Central: relies on attentiveness of listener, validity of the argument, credentials of the person delivering the message
Peripheral: uses indirect cues to associative positivity with a choice/argument (attactiveness, happiness etc. most commercials)
Mary Ainsworth different attachment style’s
Secure
Anxious-avoidant (high amount of stress internally, but baby will seem aloof/detached from caregivers, can seem ok with strangers)
Anxious-resistant: high amount of stress and child is very distressed (cries a ton)
Disorganized: inconsistent response from infant, oscillates from resistant to avoidant and vice versa
Freud’s stages of development (with ages)
Oral: 0-1 years: focus on mouth, (sucking/feeding)
Anal: 1-3 years: focus on anus (bowel/bladder control)
Phallic: 3-6 years: focus on genitals, oedipus complex era
Latency: 6-12 years: N/A sexual feelings dormant!
Genital: 12+ years: other people’s genitals!
Oral stage: 0-1
successful resolution and fixation
resolution: weaning
fixation: oral agression (verbal abuse) or oral passivity (smoking, over-eating)
Anal stage: 1-3
successful resolution and fixation
Resolution: toilet training
Fixation: anal retention (neat/tidy) or anal expulsion (disorganized)
Phallic stage: 3-6 years
successful resolution and fixation
Resolution: gender identification
Fixation: difficulty with intimate relationships
Latency stage: 6-12 years
successful resolution and fixation
Resolution: social interaction
Fixation: arrested development
Genital stage: 12+ years
successful resolution and fixation
Resolution: intimate relationships
Fixation: sexual and intimacy issues
Bartlett’s theory of reconstructive memory:
memory is not photographic, but instead incorporates schemas that are then inserted into memories
Craig and Lockhart’s levels of processing:
deeper the memory is processed, the longer the trace memory will last (trace memory = engram, how memory is stored in the brain)
neurotic anxiety according to freud
When a person fears that their id will overpower their ego
taste aversion is a form of:
classical conditioning
Hans Selye’s 3 stage General Adaptation Syndrome
In reaction to a prolonged stressor:
Stage 1: Alarm stage: fight or flight
Stage 2: Resistance: Body takes on adaptations to deal with the stress
Stage 3: Exhaustion: Body collapses from prolonged stress, can result in severe illness or death
SAM vs. HPA response
SAM:
sympathetic activation of adrenal medulla
HPA: hypo-pitu-arenal
misinformation effect
eyewitness testimony is prone to distortion based on post-event information
Karen’s Horney’s theories
basic anxiety, basic evil, basic hostility
stems from parent-child relationship
According to Carl Jung, the most most important time of one’s life is:
Midlife
Already have career and family (maybe) and can focus on spiritual and individual development
Catharsis hypothesis
Letting out aggression, usually in a safe way, can relieve aggressive impulses.
But not actually safe and effective to reduce excess aggression
Artificial intelligence uses which types of problem solving?
heuristics and algorithms
3 stages of prenatal development
germinal, embryonic, fetal
gef
seed –> embryo –> fetus
over-regularization
when you apply grammatical rules across the board without understanding there are irregular forms
“I goed to school”
overextension
generalizing meanings of words:
all men become “dada”
motherese
baby talk
syntax
word order
Overcompensation
term by Alfred Alder, how people with a particular weakness will often turn it into a strength
place theory of hearing vs. frequency theory of hearing
- place-theory: how hair cells are stimulated at different places in the basilar membrane.
accounts for how humans hear high pitch and frequency sounds (explains high theories better) - frequency theory: how hair cells can fire at the same rate as the frequency (explains low frequencies better)
opponent processing theory for vision
suggests that looking at one color for a long period causes those receptor cells to become fatigued.
When they begin sending weaker signals, their opposing cells fire, sending signals that cause the perception of the opposing color.
For example, we do see yellowish-greens and reddish-yellows, but we never see reddish-green or yellowish-blue color hues
conduction hearing loss vs. sensorineural hearing loss
conduction: hearing loss based on mechanical problems in conducting the sound waves to the cochlea
sensorineural hearing loss: hearing loss known as nerve deafness: damage to the receptor cells or auditory nerve
hypothetico-deductive system
theory of learning described by Clark Hull, believed he could predict human behavior by looking at all the possible variables and determining a relationship between input and output
Parts of self-presentation:
self-promotion, self-deprecation, self-verification, ingratiation (trying to make yourself very likable)
Allan Paivio’s dual coding theory
-How memory combines both visual and verbal components
-verbal representations and mental images interact
A schema is:
A mental framework guiding processing of new information
Cephalocaudal vs. proximodistal
Cephalocaudal: Children’s growth trends from top down
proximodistal: growth trend from torso to the extremities
motion parallax
phenomenon where close objects appear to fly by, ad far away objects move slowly/remain stationary
motion parallax
phenomenon where close objects appear to fly by, ad far away objects move slowly/remain stationary
Night terrors and sleep walking often occur during what stage of sleep?
N3: deepest stage of sleep, slow brain waves (not REM)
Delta waves
In Khaneman’s theories on risk adversion, what was NOT a confounding variable?
Age
Baddeley’s short term/long term memory theory “two slave systems”:
When 2 domains are engaged (visual and auditory for example) information is processed with the same efficiency
central executive funnels instructions to separate (sensory-based) subservient systems
Stages of speech development in children
Cooing, babbling, overextension (holographic/one-word speech), telegraphic (two words), over regularization (extending rules of speech)
Learning is most effective when the US is presented in what pairing sequence?
Delayed pairing: neutral sequence is presented first and remains present during US
(light on before and during shock)
Realistic conflict theory:
one person or group’s gain is a loss for another
glass ceiling effect
when women can get close to positions and not reach them
glass cliff effect
when women given high positions only because there is risk involved and the likelihood of failing
superordinate goals
goals that are desired by multiple groups in different areas but can come together to achieve mutual goals
Weber’s law
to detect change= constant proportion, varies among stimuli types but constant for a given stimulus
Ekman’s 6 basic emotions:
fear, disgust, anger, surprise, happiness, sadness
assimilation vs. accommodation
assimilate: absorb/generalize new info
accommodate: to “adapt”
categorical perception of human speech:
the phenomenon in which a continuous acoustic dimension, such as voice-onset time, is perceived as having distinct categories with sharp discontinuities at certain points.
telling the difference between phonemes
knowing what could help people lie?
mental representations
use of polite words is known as:
pragmatics
universal grammar
A Chomsky thing
system of categories, mechanisms and constraints shared by all human languages and considered to be innate
Why children can form sentences they have never heard before
morphology
study of how words are put together
multimodal theory
theory of attention by Johnston and Heinz
Attention= flexible, allows for attention to be selected for at 3 stages:
-1. sensory representations
-2. semantic representations
-3. both enter the consciousness
organizational vs. activation effects of hormones
Organizational effects: permanent and occur early in development
activational effects are transient and occur throughout life
decenter
to think about the width, depth and height
seriation
the ability to put things in order based on quantity or magnitude
ex. counting
IQ: nature nuture?
hereditary: IQ is more predicted by genes than environment
Lateral hypothalamus
feeding/hunger
Flynn effect
gradual increase in IQ scores over the last century
MGN vs. LGN
MGN: auditory
inferior colliculi –> MGN —> auditory cortex
LGN: visual
superior colliculi –> LGN —> visual cortex
preattentive process
good for detecting basic features of objects in the display. ex. line in a field of circles
subliminal messages can
influence short term memory change
consolidation
when temporary changes become more permanent in a neural circuit
reverberating circuit
can be used to explain learning and memory
neural circuit in which nerve impulses that were initially activated in response to stimuli are more or less continuously reactivated so that retrieval of information on demand is possible.
Ponzo illusion
Central aspect of a simple line image—e.g. the length, straightness, or parallelism of lines—appears distorted by other aspects of the image—e.g. other background/foreground lines, or other intersecting shapes.
phi phenomenon
if adjacent stationary lights flash on and off in sequence, people will perceive motion
illusion of movement that arises when stationary objects—light bulbs, for example—are placed side by side and illuminated rapidly one after another.
supplication
Eliciting sympathy in orer to create a positive impression
exemplification
projecting an image of integrity and moral worthiness.
religion does this a lot
Normative influence
conformity motivated by a fear of rejection
typicality effect
things that are more typical are judged more easily to fit a category than atypical
whole object bias
tendancy of children to assume a word reflects a whole object rather than a specific part of an object
method of limits
stimuli are presented in a graduated scale, and participants must judge whether they detected the stimulus or not
magnitude estimation
subjects to estimate the magnitude of physical stimuli by assigning numerical values proportional to the stimulus magnitude they perceive
spurious variable
Mere exposure effect
Tendency to rate stimuli more positively if you’ve been exposed to theM
