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People Flashcards

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1
Q

Carol Gilligan

A

Further divided post-conventional moral thinking (Kohlberg) into care-based (women) and justice based (men).

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2
Q

Diana Baumrind

A

Researched parenting styles

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3
Q

Matina Horner

A

“Fear of success” in women

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4
Q

Eleanor Maccoby

A

Researched sex differences from a sociocultural view

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5
Q

Jenny Field

A

Researched semantics

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6
Q

Henry Landsberger

A

Discovered the Hawthorne effect: subjects alter their behavior when they are aware they are being studied

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7
Q

Hermann von Helmholtz

A

Optical physicist, famous for his theory of color vision

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8
Q

Martin Seligan

A

theory of learned helplessness, believed that cognitive training can help
positive psychology

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9
Q

Melanie Klein

A

pioneered objects-relation theory

humans are primarily motivated by the need for contact with others—the need to form relationships.

therapist focuses on early life relationships

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10
Q

Mary Ainsworth

A

Pioneered attachment theory

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11
Q

Karen Horney

A

Posited that neurosis stems from anxiety in interpersonal relationships

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12
Q

Leon festinger

A

cognitive dissonace

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13
Q

Muzafer Sherif

A

study about: intergroup conflict with limited resources
supports conformity

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14
Q

Alfred Alder

A

-individual psychology
-people motivated by feelings of inferiority
-inferiority complex
-4 type personality: ruling dominant, avoiding, socially useful, getting leaning

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15
Q

Karl von Frisch

A

Honey bee experiment

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16
Q

Walter cannon

A

coined the term flight or fight

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17
Q

John B Watson

A

American psychologist, founded behaviorism

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18
Q

Edward Thorndike

A

idea was “the law of effect” which was the precursor of operant conditioning

behavioral responses (R) that were most closely followed by a satisfactory result were most likely to become established patterns and to reoccur in response to the same stimulus (S).

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19
Q

List of behaviorists

A

Pavlov, Watson, Thorndike, Skinner

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20
Q

Max Wertheimer, Wolfgang Kohler and Kurt Kofla founded:

A

The school of gesalt psychology: in perception, the whole is greater than the sum of its parts

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21
Q

Alfred Alder

A

-created individual psychology
-asserted that people were motivated by feelings of inferiority
-4 type personality theory: ruling-dominant, getting leaning, avoiding, socially useful

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22
Q

Carl Jung

A

-Broke from freud because of too much emphasis on the libido (sexual drive)
-Analytic psychology
-collective unconscious
-archetypes
-dream analysis

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23
Q

Clark Hull

A

performance= drive x habit
used math to explain motivation

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24
Q

Edward Tolman

A

purposive behavior
learning is acquired through meaningful behavior (sign learning)
experiments with rats in cages showed that they formed cognitive maps
Expectancy value theory of motivation:
-performance = expectation x value

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25
Q

Konrad Lorenz

A

Founder of ethology (study of animals)
Famous from work on imprinting

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26
Q

Carl Rogers

A

client centered therapy
client terminology over patient
receives unconditional positive regard
humanistic therapy: focuses on the whole human being

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27
Q

Erik Erikson

A

8 stages of psychosocial development:

trust v mistrust etc.

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28
Q

Aaron Beck

A

cognitive therapeutic techniques: problems arrive from maladaptive thinking
(also wrote Beck depression inventory)

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29
Q

Melanie Klein

A

psychoanalysis of children (beginning with her own)
founder of objects relations theory –> focus on interpersonal relationships, like mother and child.

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30
Q

Karen Horney

A

questioned freud esp penis envy and oedipus coplex
thought that women’s issues stemmed from sociocultural inequality
developed her own theory of personality and neurosis
based on nature of parent child relationship
parent’s ability and interest to create secure envi for the child

31
Q

Kurt Lewin

A

-one of the founder’s of social psychology
-developed the field theory of behavior: behavior is a function of an individual’s environment

32
Q

Anna freud

A

founder of child psychoanalysis

33
Q

Lev Vygotsky

A

researched focused on the importance of social interaction and in learning and development
zone of proximal development
scaffolding

34
Q

Gordon Allport

A

-trait perspective of personality
-cardinal, central, secondary
-also researched prejudice and racism

35
Q

Inez Beverly Prosser

A

1st African American psychologist
research on self estem and person variables –> controversial finding that african american kids fare better in segregated environments

36
Q

Donald Hebb

A

-founder of neuropsychology
-what fires together wires together!
-

37
Q

Raymond Cattel

A

16 focused factors from Allports traits —> further refined to OCEAN

38
Q

Harry Harlow

A

Primate research: wire vs. terry cloth
apes preferred terry cloth mom without food than wire mom with food

39
Q

John Bowlby

A

-attachment theory
-children will form an attachment to a primary caregiver by 12 months
-

40
Q

Rollo May

A

psychologist who introduced european existensial philosophical and psychological principles to American: anxiety part of the human experience, making meaning

41
Q

Mary Ainsworth

A

strange situtation experiment
operationalized Bolby’s attachment theory
3 types of attachments: secure, ambivalent and avoidant

42
Q

Kenneth Bancroft Clark and Mamie Phipps Clark

A

Doll studies for children’s attitudes about race
testified in Brown v board of eduction

43
Q

Hans Eyesnck

A

personality traits —> super factors
Extraverted, Stable (Neuroticism)
subdividing them into different personality types
Emphasized genetic components/biological factors of personality

44
Q

Elanor Maccoby

A

-gender development and sex differences
-effects of divorce on children’s development

45
Q

David McClelland

A

need theory: 3 needs
motivation in terms of a need for achievement, power or affiliation

46
Q

Leon Festinger

A

social comparison theory
cognitive dissonance

47
Q

George A Miller

A

founder of cog psychology
information processing model
7 +/- 2 for memory

48
Q

Albert Bandura

A

People learn through modeling
bobo doll experiment: violence in kinds

49
Q

Walter Mischel

A

delayed gratification
marshmallow test

50
Q

Eleanor Gibson

A

visual cliff experiment: depth perception is innate

51
Q

Carol Gilligan

A

feminist works
women’s development happens through relationship and care

52
Q

Derald Wing Sue

A

multi-culturalism and cross cultural counseling
researched microaggressions
small verbal or behavioral ways in which racism and ethnocentrism are expressed daily

53
Q

Martin Seligman

A

learned helplessness
founder of positive psychology
person’s character strengths

54
Q

Sandra Bem

A

gender studies
Androgeny research
Bem sex role inventory
gender schema theory
how gender identity is formed

55
Q

Elizabeth Loftus

A

memory research
fallibility of eyewitness testimony

56
Q

David Buss

A

Evolutionary psychologist
mating strategies in women and men

how jealousy and other challenging experiences may be evolutionarily adaptive

57
Q

Henry Landsberger

A

coined the Hawthorne effect
people’s performances change when they are being observed

58
Q

Walter Dill Scott

A

psychology to advertising

helping military to implement psychological testing to aid with personnel selection

59
Q

Noam Chomsky

A

Lingust:
Theory that normally developing children have an innate ability for language acquisition

60
Q

John Dollard and Neal Miller

A

combined learning theory with ideas from psychoanalysis

61
Q

David McClelland

A

Developed the need theory, which describes motivation in terms of a need for achievement, power or affiliation

62
Q

George Miller

A

7 +/- 2 rule

63
Q

Mary Main

A

Research on disorganized attachment

64
Q

Herman Ebbinghaus

A

Used nonsensical sounds for memory studies

65
Q

Erich Fromm

A

Need for freedom, Need for Belonging

German sociologist, neo-Freudian psychoanalyst
suggested a theory of personality based on two primary needs: the need for freedom and the need for belonging.

He suggested that people develop certain personality styles or strategies in order to deal with the anxiety created by feelings of isolation.

66
Q

Thomas and Chess

A

“easy” “difficult” and “slow to warm up” temperment styes

67
Q

edwin guthrie

A

Behaviorist: coined “contiguity theory”:
pairing movement:

specifies that “a combination of stimuli which has accompanied a movement will on its recurrence tend to be followed by that movement”. According to Guthrie, all learning was a consequence of association between a particular stimulus and response

68
Q

Howard gardner:

A

theory of multiple intelligences
increase emphasis on specific abilities, not g factor

69
Q

Robert Sternberg

A

triarchic intelligence: creative, analytic and practical

70
Q

Charles Spearman

A

proposes that intelligence has two components: general intelligence (“g”) and specific ability (“s”)

71
Q

Elizabeth Jubler Ross

A

5 stages of coping with death
denial, anger, bargaining, depression, acceptance

72
Q

Francis galton

A

beilieved intelligence was inherited
Twin studies
eugenics —> scientific racism!

73
Q

wilhelm wundt

A

one of the father’s of modern psychology
experimental psychology

Psychology GRE (6 decks)

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