People Flashcards
Carol Gilligan
Further divided post-conventional moral thinking (Kohlberg) into care-based (women) and justice based (men).
Diana Baumrind
Researched parenting styles
Matina Horner
“Fear of success” in women
Eleanor Maccoby
Researched sex differences from a sociocultural view
Jenny Field
Researched semantics
Henry Landsberger
Discovered the Hawthorne effect: subjects alter their behavior when they are aware they are being studied
Hermann von Helmholtz
Optical physicist, famous for his theory of color vision
Martin Seligan
theory of learned helplessness, believed that cognitive training can help
positive psychology
Melanie Klein
pioneered objects-relation theory
humans are primarily motivated by the need for contact with others—the need to form relationships.
therapist focuses on early life relationships
Mary Ainsworth
Pioneered attachment theory
Karen Horney
Posited that neurosis stems from anxiety in interpersonal relationships
Leon festinger
cognitive dissonace
Muzafer Sherif
study about: intergroup conflict with limited resources
supports conformity
Alfred Alder
-individual psychology
-people motivated by feelings of inferiority
-inferiority complex
-4 type personality: ruling dominant, avoiding, socially useful, getting leaning
Karl von Frisch
Honey bee experiment
Walter cannon
coined the term flight or fight
John B Watson
American psychologist, founded behaviorism
Edward Thorndike
idea was “the law of effect” which was the precursor of operant conditioning
behavioral responses (R) that were most closely followed by a satisfactory result were most likely to become established patterns and to reoccur in response to the same stimulus (S).
List of behaviorists
Pavlov, Watson, Thorndike, Skinner
Max Wertheimer, Wolfgang Kohler and Kurt Kofla founded:
The school of gesalt psychology: in perception, the whole is greater than the sum of its parts
Alfred Alder
-created individual psychology
-asserted that people were motivated by feelings of inferiority
-4 type personality theory: ruling-dominant, getting leaning, avoiding, socially useful
Carl Jung
-Broke from freud because of too much emphasis on the libido (sexual drive)
-Analytic psychology
-collective unconscious
-archetypes
-dream analysis
Clark Hull
performance= drive x habit
used math to explain motivation
Edward Tolman
purposive behavior
learning is acquired through meaningful behavior (sign learning)
experiments with rats in cages showed that they formed cognitive maps
Expectancy value theory of motivation:
-performance = expectation x value
Konrad Lorenz
Founder of ethology (study of animals)
Famous from work on imprinting
Carl Rogers
client centered therapy
client terminology over patient
receives unconditional positive regard
humanistic therapy: focuses on the whole human being
Erik Erikson
8 stages of psychosocial development:
trust v mistrust etc.
Aaron Beck
cognitive therapeutic techniques: problems arrive from maladaptive thinking
(also wrote Beck depression inventory)
Melanie Klein
psychoanalysis of children (beginning with her own)
founder of objects relations theory –> focus on interpersonal relationships, like mother and child.
Karen Horney
questioned freud esp penis envy and oedipus coplex
thought that women’s issues stemmed from sociocultural inequality
developed her own theory of personality and neurosis
based on nature of parent child relationship
parent’s ability and interest to create secure envi for the child
Kurt Lewin
-one of the founder’s of social psychology
-developed the field theory of behavior: behavior is a function of an individual’s environment
Anna freud
founder of child psychoanalysis
Lev Vygotsky
researched focused on the importance of social interaction and in learning and development
zone of proximal development
scaffolding
Gordon Allport
-trait perspective of personality
-cardinal, central, secondary
-also researched prejudice and racism
Inez Beverly Prosser
1st African American psychologist
research on self estem and person variables –> controversial finding that african american kids fare better in segregated environments
Donald Hebb
-founder of neuropsychology
-what fires together wires together!
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Raymond Cattel
16 focused factors from Allports traits —> further refined to OCEAN
Harry Harlow
Primate research: wire vs. terry cloth
apes preferred terry cloth mom without food than wire mom with food
John Bowlby
-attachment theory
-children will form an attachment to a primary caregiver by 12 months
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Rollo May
psychologist who introduced european existensial philosophical and psychological principles to American: anxiety part of the human experience, making meaning
Mary Ainsworth
strange situtation experiment
operationalized Bolby’s attachment theory
3 types of attachments: secure, ambivalent and avoidant
Kenneth Bancroft Clark and Mamie Phipps Clark
Doll studies for children’s attitudes about race
testified in Brown v board of eduction
Hans Eyesnck
personality traits —> super factors
Extraverted, Stable (Neuroticism)
subdividing them into different personality types
Emphasized genetic components/biological factors of personality
Elanor Maccoby
-gender development and sex differences
-effects of divorce on children’s development
David McClelland
need theory: 3 needs
motivation in terms of a need for achievement, power or affiliation
Leon Festinger
social comparison theory
cognitive dissonance
George A Miller
founder of cog psychology
information processing model
7 +/- 2 for memory
Albert Bandura
People learn through modeling
bobo doll experiment: violence in kinds
Walter Mischel
delayed gratification
marshmallow test
Eleanor Gibson
visual cliff experiment: depth perception is innate
Carol Gilligan
feminist works
women’s development happens through relationship and care
Derald Wing Sue
multi-culturalism and cross cultural counseling
researched microaggressions
small verbal or behavioral ways in which racism and ethnocentrism are expressed daily
Martin Seligman
learned helplessness
founder of positive psychology
person’s character strengths
Sandra Bem
gender studies
Androgeny research
Bem sex role inventory
gender schema theory
how gender identity is formed
Elizabeth Loftus
memory research
fallibility of eyewitness testimony
David Buss
Evolutionary psychologist
mating strategies in women and men
how jealousy and other challenging experiences may be evolutionarily adaptive
Henry Landsberger
coined the Hawthorne effect
people’s performances change when they are being observed
Walter Dill Scott
psychology to advertising
helping military to implement psychological testing to aid with personnel selection
Noam Chomsky
Lingust:
Theory that normally developing children have an innate ability for language acquisition
John Dollard and Neal Miller
combined learning theory with ideas from psychoanalysis
David McClelland
Developed the need theory, which describes motivation in terms of a need for achievement, power or affiliation
George Miller
7 +/- 2 rule
Mary Main
Research on disorganized attachment
Herman Ebbinghaus
Used nonsensical sounds for memory studies
Erich Fromm
Need for freedom, Need for Belonging
German sociologist, neo-Freudian psychoanalyst
suggested a theory of personality based on two primary needs: the need for freedom and the need for belonging.
He suggested that people develop certain personality styles or strategies in order to deal with the anxiety created by feelings of isolation.
Thomas and Chess
“easy” “difficult” and “slow to warm up” temperment styes
edwin guthrie
Behaviorist: coined “contiguity theory”:
pairing movement:
specifies that “a combination of stimuli which has accompanied a movement will on its recurrence tend to be followed by that movement”. According to Guthrie, all learning was a consequence of association between a particular stimulus and response
Howard gardner:
theory of multiple intelligences
increase emphasis on specific abilities, not g factor
Robert Sternberg
triarchic intelligence: creative, analytic and practical
Charles Spearman
proposes that intelligence has two components: general intelligence (“g”) and specific ability (“s”)
Elizabeth Jubler Ross
5 stages of coping with death
denial, anger, bargaining, depression, acceptance
Francis galton
beilieved intelligence was inherited
Twin studies
eugenics —> scientific racism!
wilhelm wundt
one of the father’s of modern psychology
experimental psychology
