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NCE > Theories 1 > Flashcards

Theories 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, Freud

A
  • created individual psychology and analytic psychology
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2
Q

Adler

A
  • father of individual psychology
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3
Q

Jung

A
  • founded analytic psychology
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4
Q

Catharsis

A
  • talking cure
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5
Q

Joseph Breuer

A
  • taught Freud the value of talking cure
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6
Q

Eric Berne

A
  • Transactional analysis

- three ego states: child, adult, and parent

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7
Q

topography

A
  • mapping

- Freudians mapped the brain

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8
Q

Parent ego

A
  • superego
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9
Q

Oedipus complex

A
  • led to the development of the superego

- accomplished by identification with the aggressor, the parent of the same sex.

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10
Q

ego

A
  • executive administrator of the personality and the reality principle
  • mediator
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11
Q

Id

A
  • instincts

- pleasure principle

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12
Q

the superego

A
  • the conscience
  • composed of values, morals, ideals, and society
  • perfection
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13
Q

free association

A
  • instructing the client to say whatever comes to mind
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14
Q

Joseph Wolpe

A
  • systematic desensitization
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15
Q

Systematic Desensitization

A
  • type of behavior therapy

- based on Pavlov’s classical conditioning

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16
Q

Little Albert

A
  • It’s not associated with the psychodynamic movement
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17
Q

John B. Watson

A
  • pioneer of American behaviorism
  • ## little Albert
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18
Q

Psychodynamic

A
  • Utilizes fewer sessions
  • does not use the couch
  • it’s performed face to face
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19
Q

Psychoanalysis

A
  • lengthy, 3 to 5 sessions per week for several years
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20
Q

catharsis and/or abreactions

A
  • talking about difficulties in order to purge emotions and feelings is a curative process.
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21
Q

Rogerians

A
  • do not emphasize diagnosis or giving advice
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22
Q

Unconscious
Preconscious
Conscious

A
  • these 3 referred as topographical theory
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23
Q

SUDS

A
  • used by Wolpe
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24
Q

Conscious mind

A
  • It’s aware of the immediate environment.
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25
Q

Preconscious mind

A
  • it’s capable of bringing ideas, images, and thoughts into awareness with minimal difficulty
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26
Q

Unconscious mind

A
  • it’s composed of material which is normally unkown or hidden from the client
  • ego defence mechanism
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27
Q

Repression

A
  • Freudians belive that this is the most important of ego defence mechanism
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28
Q

Reaction formation

A
  • when a person can’t accept a given impulse and this behaves in the opposite manner
  • unconcious behavior
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29
Q

Sublimation

A
  • presents when a person acts out an unconscious impulse in a socially acceptable way
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30
Q

Denial

A

= repression

- except that it is a conscious act

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31
Q

Displacement

A
  • occurs when an impulse is unleashed at a safe target
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32
Q

Lemon sweet rationalization

A
  • overrating the value of something
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33
Q

Sour grapes rationalization

A
  • underrates a situation
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34
Q

Projection

A
  • attributes unacceptable qualities of his or her own behavior to others
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35
Q

Compensation

A
  • It’s evident when an individual attempts to develop or overdevelop a positive trait to make up for a limitation
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36
Q

Identification

A
  • when a person identifies with a cause or a successful person with the unconscious hope that he or she will be perceived as successful
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37
Q

Introjection

A
  • causes a person to accept an aggressor’s values
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38
Q

Purpose of Interpretation

A
  • make the clients aware of their unconscious processes
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39
Q

Insight

A
  • “aha, now I understand” phenomenon
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40
Q

Mandalas

A
  • Jung used drawings balanced around a center point to analyze himself, his clients, and dreams
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41
Q

Adler

A
  • individual
  • superiority
  • inferiority
  • sibling interaction
  • social connectedness
  • family constellation
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42
Q

Neo-Freudians

A
  • emphasize on social factors

- Adler, Horney, Erikson, Sullivan, Fromm

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43
Q

Jung

A
  • introversion and extroversion
  • Sensing vs. Intuition
  • Thinking vs feeling
  • judging vs perceiving
  • Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
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44
Q

Rudolph Dreikurs

A
  • was the first to discuss the use of group therapy in private practices
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45
Q

Henry Murray

A
  • introduced the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

- TAT series of pictures shown to the client and then asked to tell a story

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46
Q

Social connectedness

A
  • Adler believed that we need one another
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47
Q

Victor Frankl

A
  • father of logo therapy
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48
Q

Archetypes

A
  • Jung spoke of a collective unconscious common to all men and women
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49
Q

Symptom substitution

A
  • analytical trained
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50
Q

Behaviorist

A
  • strive for symptom reduction and do not believe in the concept of symptom substitution
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51
Q

Frederick Thorne

A
  • associated with ECLECTIC
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52
Q

Association

A
  • which asserts that ideas are held together by association
  • John locke, Hume, Jame, Hartley
  • written by Aristotle
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53
Q

Edward Thorndike

A
  • Law of effect
  • trial and error learning
  • Skinner reinforcement theory was based on this work
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54
Q

Conditioned

A
  • learned
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55
Q

Unconditioned

A
  • unlearned
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56
Q

Instrumental

A
  • Skinner
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57
Q

Respondent behavior

A
  • reflexes

- Pavlov’s salivation

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58
Q

Negative reinforcement

A
  • it’s not the same as punishment
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59
Q

Punishment

A
  • decreases the probability that a behavior will occur
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60
Q

.5 or 1/2 of a second

A
  • the most effective time interval between the CS and UCS
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61
Q

Delayed condition

A
  • When the CS is delayed
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62
Q

Trace condition

A
  • When the UCS is delayed
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63
Q

Stimulus generalization or second-order conditioning

A
  • occurs when a stimulus similar to the CS (the bell) produces the same reaction.
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64
Q

Stimulus discrimination

A
  • opposite to general stimulus

- respond only to specific stimulus

65
Q

Experimental neurosis

A
  • when the differentiation process become too tough because the stimuli are almost identical
66
Q

Extinction

A
  • occurs when the CS is not reinforced via US

- counselor ignores the behavior and expects to get worst before it gets better

67
Q

Skinner

A
  • behavior modification

- operant, instrumental

68
Q

Pavlovian

A
  • Behavior therapy

- classical, respondent

69
Q

Neal Miller

A
  • demonstrated that indeed animals could be conditioned to control automatic processes
70
Q

Mary Cover Jones

A
  • demonstrated that learning can be used as a treatment for phobic reactions
71
Q

Watson

A
  • demonstrated that phobic reactions can be learned
72
Q

Counseling Paradigm

A
  • a treatment model

- It’s used to describe a counselor who allows the client to explore thoguht

73
Q

Concreteness

A
  • It’s also known as specific to eliminate vague language
74
Q

Higher order of conditioning

A
  • when a pair stimulus fades and the new stimulus takes on the power of the CS
75
Q

temperature trainer

A
  • to raise temperature in the right hand to ward off migraines
76
Q

Premack principle

A
  • efficient reinforcer if what the clients likes or doesn’t like to do
  • A lower-probability behavior is reinforced by higher probability behavior
77
Q

thinning

A
  • intermittent schedule reinforcement

- only reinforced a portion of the time

78
Q

continuous reinforcement

A
  • provide reinforcement every time the target behavior occurs
79
Q

two basic classes of intermittent or partial reinforcement

A
  • ratio and interval
80
Q

Interval

A
  • based on time
81
Q

most difficult intermittent schedule to extinguish

A
  • variable ratio
82
Q

Yerkes Dodson Law

A
  • a moderate level of anxiety is necessary
83
Q

Secondary reinforcement

A
  • when accompanies the 1st reinforce it can become a reinforcer of its own
84
Q

backup reinforcement

A
  • item or activity that can be purchased using tokens
85
Q

Systematic desensitization - Wolpe

A
  • the order of hierarchy is from the least anxiety arousing to the most anxiety evoking items
86
Q

Sense focused

A
  • sex therapy

- developed by Master, Virginia, Missouri

87
Q

Andre Salter

A
  • modern assertiveness training
88
Q

Covert

A
  • underneath
89
Q

Desensitization

A
  • less
90
Q

Sensitization

A
  • more
91
Q

Flooding therapy

A
  • it’s direct exposure
92
Q

Implosive therapy

A
  • conducted in the imagination
93
Q

Francine Shapiro

A
  • EMDR
  • eye movement desensitization and reprocessing
  • disturbing memories moving eyes back and forth
94
Q

Neophyte

A

= novice

= beginer

95
Q

Existentialism

A
  • It’s considered a humanistic form of helping in which the counselor helps the client discover meaning in his or her life
  • perception of the here and now
  • the key to change is self-determination
  • present and future are also emphasized
96
Q

Frankl

A
  • stresses that individuals have choices and their lives cannot be blamed on others
  • focuses on growth and self-actualization
97
Q

Existentialism

A
  • too vague regarding techniques and procedures
98
Q

Behavior therapy

A
  • criticized on the grounds that it is reductionistic, simplistic, and does not deal with underlying issues
99
Q

Buber

A
  • I-Thou relationships

- existential

100
Q

Yalom and May

A
  • are also existentialist
  • Yalom: noted for his work in group therapy
  • May: introduced existential therapy in the US
101
Q

Ellis, Pearls, Stampfl, Janov, and Beck

A
  • Existentialist
102
Q

3 words of Existentialism

A
  • Umwelt = physical
  • Mitwelt = Relationship
  • Eigenwelt = identity
103
Q

Phenomenology

A
  • the philosophy of being and existing
104
Q

Glasser = reality therapy

A
  • reality therapy
  • the individual controls the environment
  • wrote the Schools without failure
  • 8 steps of reality therapy
  • the last step: the client and counselor never give up
  • felt that a responsible person has a successful identity
  • insists that behavior is internally motivated and we choose our actions = pictures in the mind
105
Q

Frankl

A
  • Logotherapy
106
Q

Reality therapy

A
  • control therapy, later referred to as choice theory
107
Q

Reality therapy = Glasser

A
  • does not explore the childhood
  • the past is never the problem
  • focuses on the here and now
  • focuses on past successful behaviors
  • diagnosis labels clients to act sick and irresponsible
  • the relationship with the client is like a friend and asks what’s wrong
108
Q

Silence

A
  • it’s the most threatening for the client as well the counselor
109
Q

Albert Ellis = REBT

A
  • REBT
  • Rational Emotional Behavioral Therapy
  • clients are taught to change cognition through self-talk and internal verbalization
110
Q

Epictetus

A
  • a stoic philosopher who suggested we feel the way we think
111
Q

Jasper

A
  • existential therapy
112
Q

ABC

A
  • REBT

- activating event, belief system, emotional consequence

113
Q

Intervention D leads to E

A
  • Disputting irrational behavior at B, leads to a new emotional consequences
114
Q

Musturnation = Ellis

A
  • when the clients uses too many shoulds, musts, oughts

- absolutist thinking

115
Q

Donald Meichenbaum

A
  • reconstructing
  • begins when the client begins using healthy new ways using different internal dialogue
  • Associated with the concept of stress inoculation
116
Q

Ellis

A
  • Irrational thinking

- believe that animals are incapable of high thinking process

117
Q

Irrational thinking

A
  • it’s at the core of emotional disturbances
118
Q

Macie Maultsby

A
  • RBT
  • Rational behavior therapy
  • known for multicultural and group therapy
119
Q

Beck

A
  • BDI
  • Beck depression Inventory
  • insisted that cognitive therapy are dysfunctional ideas are too absolute and broad though not necessarily irrational
  • his model was used in cases of phobia and anxiety
120
Q

Metacognition

A
  • describe an individual’s tendency to be aware of his or her own cognitions or cognitive abilities
121
Q

Donal Meichenbaum

A
  • associated with the concept of ioculation
  • Self-instructional therapy
  • Stress inoculation techniques has 3 phases
    1. educational
    2. rehearsal
    3. application
122
Q

Eric Bern

A
  • Transitional Analysis = TA
  • incorporate gestalt therapy
  • ## 3 ego states (P-A-C) Parents, Adult, Child
123
Q

TA therapist speak of two functions in the Parent ego state

A
  • nurturing parent and the critical parent
124
Q

Crossed transaction

A
  • occurs when vectors of communication do run parallale
125
Q

Child Ego

A
  • natural child
  • adapted child
  • a little professor
126
Q

TA life position by Tom Harris

A
  • book “I’m ok, you’re not ok”

- Blames others for misery

127
Q

Karpman

A
  • suggested 3 roles for manipulative drama: persecutor, rescuer, and victim
128
Q

TA and Behaviorist

A
  • utilize contracting
129
Q

Rackets

A
  • when a client manipulates others to experience a childhood feeling
  • umpeasant feelings
130
Q

Frederick Perls

A
  • created Gestalt therapy
  • empty chair technique
  • top dog
  • under dog
131
Q

Carkhuff and Gazda

A
  • emphasize on emapathy and counselor effectiveness scales
  • Car = scales counselor 1-5
  • Gazda = Global scale for rating helper responses
132
Q

NLP

A
  • Bandle and Grinder’s neurilinguistic programming
133
Q

Reframing

A
  • the counselor helps the client to perceive a new light so as to produce a new emotional reaction to it
134
Q

Anchoring

A
  • a desirable emotional state is evoked via an outside stimulus such as a touch or a sound or a specific bodily motion
135
Q

Gestalt therapy - projection technique

A
  • act like the person you dislike
136
Q

Gestalt Therapy

A
  • concern primarily with the here and now
  • stay with the feelings
  • “I” statements
  • Integrated the whole is greater than the sum of its parts
  • emphasizes awareness in the here and now and dream work
  • bodily awareness
137
Q

Gestalt exaggeration experiment

A
  • resembles paradox as practiced by Frankl, Haley, or Erickson
138
Q

Psychodrama

A
  • incorporates role-playing into the treatment process

- invented by Jacob Moreno

139
Q

Retroflection

A
  • it’s the act of doing yourself what you really wish to do to someone else
140
Q

Pearls and the onion

A 
- 5 layers 
phony
phobic
impasse
implosive
explosive
141
Q

Gestalt Unexpressed emotions

A

= unfinished business

142
Q

Glasser choice therapy

A
  • postulates that behavior is really an attempt to control our perceptions to satisfy our genetics needs, survival, love, belonging, power, freedom, and fun
143
Q

REBT

A
  • Cognitive therapy
144
Q

Gestalt fails

A
  • to emphasize cognitive concern
145
Q

1960

A
  • peak period for competition between various schools of counseling and therapy
146
Q

1950

A
  • counseling became the guidance function
147
Q

Gestalt therapist are

A
  • confrontational which the relationship moves slower
148
Q

Rogers therapy has undergone 3 name changes

A
  • nondirective counseling
  • client-centered therapy
  • person-centered approach

for career theory : self-concept

149
Q

Rogers approach is

A
  • existential or humanistic
  • rarely gives advice
  • inborn tendency toward self-actualization
  • view man as warm, accepting, trusting, environment
  • 3 conditions are necessary for client change to occur
    (genuineness, unconditional positive regard, empathic understanding)
150
Q

Contracting

A
  • most popular with behavioristic
151
Q

Person-centered

A
  • treat all diagnostic categories of the DSM using the same principle
152
Q

Congruence

A
  • external behavior matches an internal response or state
153
Q

Counselor who work as consultants

A
  • generally do not adhere to one single theory
  • focus more on the issues
  • empathy, genuineness and respect
  • occurs in work/organizational
154
Q

verbal tracking

A
  • attending behavior that is verbal
155
Q

Counselor’s social power

A
  • EAT

- expertise, attractiveness, and trustworthiness

156
Q

Areas that caouse problem for the counselor

A
  • competence, power, and intimacy
157
Q

Human relations

A
  • empathy, positive regard, and genuineness
158
Q

Truax and Carkhuff

A
  • created the program to help counselors learn accurate empathy
159
Q

Allen Ivey

A
  • postulated 3 types of empathy
    1. Basic: counselor’s response is on the same level as the client
    2. Subtractive: counselor’s behavior does not convey an understanding of what has been communicated
    3. Addictive: it’s the most desirable since it adds to the client’s understanding and awareness

NCE (8 decks)

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