Theories 1 Flashcards
Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, Freud
- created individual psychology and analytic psychology
Adler
- father of individual psychology
Jung
- founded analytic psychology
Catharsis
- talking cure
Joseph Breuer
- taught Freud the value of talking cure
Eric Berne
- Transactional analysis
- three ego states: child, adult, and parent
topography
- mapping
- Freudians mapped the brain
Parent ego
- superego
Oedipus complex
- led to the development of the superego
- accomplished by identification with the aggressor, the parent of the same sex.
ego
- executive administrator of the personality and the reality principle
- mediator
Id
- instincts
- pleasure principle
the superego
- the conscience
- composed of values, morals, ideals, and society
- perfection
free association
- instructing the client to say whatever comes to mind
Joseph Wolpe
- systematic desensitization
Systematic Desensitization
- type of behavior therapy
- based on Pavlov’s classical conditioning
Little Albert
- It’s not associated with the psychodynamic movement
John B. Watson
- pioneer of American behaviorism
- ## little Albert
Psychodynamic
- Utilizes fewer sessions
- does not use the couch
- it’s performed face to face
Psychoanalysis
- lengthy, 3 to 5 sessions per week for several years
catharsis and/or abreactions
- talking about difficulties in order to purge emotions and feelings is a curative process.
Rogerians
- do not emphasize diagnosis or giving advice
Unconscious
Preconscious
Conscious
- these 3 referred as topographical theory
SUDS
- used by Wolpe
Conscious mind
- It’s aware of the immediate environment.
Preconscious mind
- it’s capable of bringing ideas, images, and thoughts into awareness with minimal difficulty
Unconscious mind
- it’s composed of material which is normally unkown or hidden from the client
- ego defence mechanism
Repression
- Freudians belive that this is the most important of ego defence mechanism
Reaction formation
- when a person can’t accept a given impulse and this behaves in the opposite manner
- unconcious behavior
Sublimation
- presents when a person acts out an unconscious impulse in a socially acceptable way
Denial
= repression
- except that it is a conscious act
Displacement
- occurs when an impulse is unleashed at a safe target
Lemon sweet rationalization
- overrating the value of something
Sour grapes rationalization
- underrates a situation
Projection
- attributes unacceptable qualities of his or her own behavior to others
Compensation
- It’s evident when an individual attempts to develop or overdevelop a positive trait to make up for a limitation
Identification
- when a person identifies with a cause or a successful person with the unconscious hope that he or she will be perceived as successful
Introjection
- causes a person to accept an aggressor’s values
Purpose of Interpretation
- make the clients aware of their unconscious processes
Insight
- “aha, now I understand” phenomenon
Mandalas
- Jung used drawings balanced around a center point to analyze himself, his clients, and dreams
Adler
- individual
- superiority
- inferiority
- sibling interaction
- social connectedness
- family constellation
Neo-Freudians
- emphasize on social factors
- Adler, Horney, Erikson, Sullivan, Fromm
Jung
- introversion and extroversion
- Sensing vs. Intuition
- Thinking vs feeling
- judging vs perceiving
- Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
Rudolph Dreikurs
- was the first to discuss the use of group therapy in private practices
Henry Murray
- introduced the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
- TAT series of pictures shown to the client and then asked to tell a story
Social connectedness
- Adler believed that we need one another
Victor Frankl
- father of logo therapy
Archetypes
- Jung spoke of a collective unconscious common to all men and women
Symptom substitution
- analytical trained
Behaviorist
- strive for symptom reduction and do not believe in the concept of symptom substitution
Frederick Thorne
- associated with ECLECTIC
Association
- which asserts that ideas are held together by association
- John locke, Hume, Jame, Hartley
- written by Aristotle
Edward Thorndike
- Law of effect
- trial and error learning
- Skinner reinforcement theory was based on this work
Conditioned
- learned
Unconditioned
- unlearned
Instrumental
- Skinner
Respondent behavior
- reflexes
- Pavlov’s salivation
Negative reinforcement
- it’s not the same as punishment
Punishment
- decreases the probability that a behavior will occur
.5 or 1/2 of a second
- the most effective time interval between the CS and UCS
Delayed condition
- When the CS is delayed
Trace condition
- When the UCS is delayed
Stimulus generalization or second-order conditioning
- occurs when a stimulus similar to the CS (the bell) produces the same reaction.
Stimulus discrimination
- opposite to general stimulus
- respond only to specific stimulus
Experimental neurosis
- when the differentiation process become too tough because the stimuli are almost identical
Extinction
- occurs when the CS is not reinforced via US
- counselor ignores the behavior and expects to get worst before it gets better
Skinner
- behavior modification
- operant, instrumental
Pavlovian
- Behavior therapy
- classical, respondent
Neal Miller
- demonstrated that indeed animals could be conditioned to control automatic processes
Mary Cover Jones
- demonstrated that learning can be used as a treatment for phobic reactions
Watson
- demonstrated that phobic reactions can be learned
Counseling Paradigm
- a treatment model
- It’s used to describe a counselor who allows the client to explore thoguht
Concreteness
- It’s also known as specific to eliminate vague language
Higher order of conditioning
- when a pair stimulus fades and the new stimulus takes on the power of the CS
temperature trainer
- to raise temperature in the right hand to ward off migraines
Premack principle
- efficient reinforcer if what the clients likes or doesn’t like to do
- A lower-probability behavior is reinforced by higher probability behavior
thinning
- intermittent schedule reinforcement
- only reinforced a portion of the time
continuous reinforcement
- provide reinforcement every time the target behavior occurs
two basic classes of intermittent or partial reinforcement
- ratio and interval
Interval
- based on time
most difficult intermittent schedule to extinguish
- variable ratio
Yerkes Dodson Law
- a moderate level of anxiety is necessary
Secondary reinforcement
- when accompanies the 1st reinforce it can become a reinforcer of its own
backup reinforcement
- item or activity that can be purchased using tokens
Systematic desensitization - Wolpe
- the order of hierarchy is from the least anxiety arousing to the most anxiety evoking items
Sense focused
- sex therapy
- developed by Master, Virginia, Missouri
Andre Salter
- modern assertiveness training
Covert
- underneath
Desensitization
- less
Sensitization
- more
Flooding therapy
- it’s direct exposure
Implosive therapy
- conducted in the imagination
Francine Shapiro
- EMDR
- eye movement desensitization and reprocessing
- disturbing memories moving eyes back and forth
Neophyte
= novice
= beginer
Existentialism
- It’s considered a humanistic form of helping in which the counselor helps the client discover meaning in his or her life
- perception of the here and now
- the key to change is self-determination
- present and future are also emphasized
Frankl
- stresses that individuals have choices and their lives cannot be blamed on others
- focuses on growth and self-actualization
Existentialism
- too vague regarding techniques and procedures
Behavior therapy
- criticized on the grounds that it is reductionistic, simplistic, and does not deal with underlying issues
Buber
- I-Thou relationships
- existential
Yalom and May
- are also existentialist
- Yalom: noted for his work in group therapy
- May: introduced existential therapy in the US
Ellis, Pearls, Stampfl, Janov, and Beck
- Existentialist
3 words of Existentialism
- Umwelt = physical
- Mitwelt = Relationship
- Eigenwelt = identity
Phenomenology
- the philosophy of being and existing
Glasser = reality therapy
- reality therapy
- the individual controls the environment
- wrote the Schools without failure
- 8 steps of reality therapy
- the last step: the client and counselor never give up
- felt that a responsible person has a successful identity
- insists that behavior is internally motivated and we choose our actions = pictures in the mind
Frankl
- Logotherapy
Reality therapy
- control therapy, later referred to as choice theory
Reality therapy = Glasser
- does not explore the childhood
- the past is never the problem
- focuses on the here and now
- focuses on past successful behaviors
- diagnosis labels clients to act sick and irresponsible
- the relationship with the client is like a friend and asks what’s wrong
Silence
- it’s the most threatening for the client as well the counselor
Albert Ellis = REBT
- REBT
- Rational Emotional Behavioral Therapy
- clients are taught to change cognition through self-talk and internal verbalization
Epictetus
- a stoic philosopher who suggested we feel the way we think
Jasper
- existential therapy
ABC
- REBT
- activating event, belief system, emotional consequence
Intervention D leads to E
- Disputting irrational behavior at B, leads to a new emotional consequences
Musturnation = Ellis
- when the clients uses too many shoulds, musts, oughts
- absolutist thinking
Donald Meichenbaum
- reconstructing
- begins when the client begins using healthy new ways using different internal dialogue
- Associated with the concept of stress inoculation
Ellis
- Irrational thinking
- believe that animals are incapable of high thinking process
Irrational thinking
- it’s at the core of emotional disturbances
Macie Maultsby
- RBT
- Rational behavior therapy
- known for multicultural and group therapy
Beck
- BDI
- Beck depression Inventory
- insisted that cognitive therapy are dysfunctional ideas are too absolute and broad though not necessarily irrational
- his model was used in cases of phobia and anxiety
Metacognition
- describe an individual’s tendency to be aware of his or her own cognitions or cognitive abilities
Donal Meichenbaum
- associated with the concept of ioculation
- Self-instructional therapy
- Stress inoculation techniques has 3 phases
1. educational
2. rehearsal
3. application
Eric Bern
- Transitional Analysis = TA
- incorporate gestalt therapy
- ## 3 ego states (P-A-C) Parents, Adult, Child
TA therapist speak of two functions in the Parent ego state
- nurturing parent and the critical parent
Crossed transaction
- occurs when vectors of communication do run parallale
Child Ego
- natural child
- adapted child
- a little professor
TA life position by Tom Harris
- book “I’m ok, you’re not ok”
- Blames others for misery
Karpman
- suggested 3 roles for manipulative drama: persecutor, rescuer, and victim
TA and Behaviorist
- utilize contracting
Rackets
- when a client manipulates others to experience a childhood feeling
- umpeasant feelings
Frederick Perls
- created Gestalt therapy
- empty chair technique
- top dog
- under dog
Carkhuff and Gazda
- emphasize on emapathy and counselor effectiveness scales
- Car = scales counselor 1-5
- Gazda = Global scale for rating helper responses
NLP
- Bandle and Grinder’s neurilinguistic programming
Reframing
- the counselor helps the client to perceive a new light so as to produce a new emotional reaction to it
Anchoring
- a desirable emotional state is evoked via an outside stimulus such as a touch or a sound or a specific bodily motion
Gestalt therapy - projection technique
- act like the person you dislike
Gestalt Therapy
- concern primarily with the here and now
- stay with the feelings
- “I” statements
- Integrated the whole is greater than the sum of its parts
- emphasizes awareness in the here and now and dream work
- bodily awareness
Gestalt exaggeration experiment
- resembles paradox as practiced by Frankl, Haley, or Erickson
Psychodrama
- incorporates role-playing into the treatment process
- invented by Jacob Moreno
Retroflection
- it’s the act of doing yourself what you really wish to do to someone else
Pearls and the onion
- 5 layers phony phobic impasse implosive explosive
Gestalt Unexpressed emotions
= unfinished business
Glasser choice therapy
- postulates that behavior is really an attempt to control our perceptions to satisfy our genetics needs, survival, love, belonging, power, freedom, and fun
REBT
- Cognitive therapy
Gestalt fails
- to emphasize cognitive concern
1960
- peak period for competition between various schools of counseling and therapy
1950
- counseling became the guidance function
Gestalt therapist are
- confrontational which the relationship moves slower
Rogers therapy has undergone 3 name changes
- nondirective counseling
- client-centered therapy
- person-centered approach
for career theory : self-concept
Rogers approach is
- existential or humanistic
- rarely gives advice
- inborn tendency toward self-actualization
- view man as warm, accepting, trusting, environment
- 3 conditions are necessary for client change to occur
(genuineness, unconditional positive regard, empathic understanding)
Contracting
- most popular with behavioristic
Person-centered
- treat all diagnostic categories of the DSM using the same principle
Congruence
- external behavior matches an internal response or state
Counselor who work as consultants
- generally do not adhere to one single theory
- focus more on the issues
- empathy, genuineness and respect
- occurs in work/organizational
verbal tracking
- attending behavior that is verbal
Counselor’s social power
- EAT
- expertise, attractiveness, and trustworthiness
Areas that caouse problem for the counselor
- competence, power, and intimacy
Human relations
- empathy, positive regard, and genuineness
Truax and Carkhuff
- created the program to help counselors learn accurate empathy
Allen Ivey
- postulated 3 types of empathy
1. Basic: counselor’s response is on the same level as the client
2. Subtractive: counselor’s behavior does not convey an understanding of what has been communicated
3. Addictive: it’s the most desirable since it adds to the client’s understanding and awareness
