Social Cultural Foundations Flashcards
Counterculture
- when a group of persons oppose the values of the culture
Culture Epoch
- which suggests that in all cultures children pass through the same stages
Durkheim
- founder of modern sociology
- rules of sociological method
Mcdougal
- father of Hormic Psychology
- suggests that individuals in or out of groups are driven by innate, inherited tendencies
Lorenz and Freud
- believed that aggression is necessary for survival
Bandura
- social learning theory
- noted that children who viewed live or filmed aggression imitated the behavior
Proxemics
- related to the person space, interpersonal distance, and territorial
Propinquity
- people who are attracted to each other due to close proximity e.g, job, or apartment
Factors that enhance interpersonal attraction
- CPS
- close proximity
- Physical attraction
- Similar beliefs
Contextualism
- behavior that must be assessed in the context of the culture in which the behavior occurs
Worldview
- A person’s perception of his or her relationship to the world
The civil rights movement
- helped the multicultural counseling movement
Jensen
- tried to prove that Blacks has lower IQs due to generic factors
Prognosis
- probable outcome in a case that one can recover from
Recommendations
- when a counselor speaks of what he or she believes must transpire from counseling
Aggression
- poor economic conditions
Dollar and Miller
- Frustration-aggression theory
Festinger
- cognitive dissonance theory
- reduces tension and discomfort
- a form of denial
Cultural norm
- describes expectations of how one should act
Mores
- rightness or wrongness of behavior
- breaking mores results in causing harm to others or threatens the existence of a group
Folkways
- like mores; however, breaking folkways turns into embarrassment
Parson
- first pioneer to focus heavily in sociocultural issues
Biological similarities
- indicate universal culture
Emory Bogardus
- developed a social distance scale to see how individuals felts toward other ethnic groups
Foot in the door technique
- when a person agrees to something that causes discomfort the first time, and the second time it becomes easier until one does not feel uncomfortable. e.g., social worker visiting homes
- Freeman and Fraser = both start with F as their theory also First time
Society
- independent group that occupies a definitive territory
Ethnocentrism
- Universal, view one’s own culture as superior
- false beliefs based on opinions
Culturation
- ethnic or racial minorities integrate or adopt cultural beliefs and customs from the majority or dominant culture
Assimilation
- when individuals have a high level of acculturation. becomes part of the dominant majority
modal personality
- it’s the most frequent profile of a given group of people
Social exchange theory
- rewards are greater than costs
Balance theory
- a move from cognitive inconsistency to consistency
- a tendency to achieve a balanced cognitive state
Attractive people
- have other traits
Cognitive dissonance
- deals mainly with cognition and attitude formation
Monolithical perspective
- counselor perceives all the people in a given group as being identical
Connotative Error
- applies to the emotional content of a word, which is different from the true or dictionary definition
Emic
- each client is an individual with individual differences
Etic
- regardless of the culture or background same techniques or theories can be applied to any client
African American Clients
- are not open with their feelings
- lack trust
Ambivalent transference
- uncertainty
- occurs when the client rapidly shifts his or her emotional attitude toward the counselor based on learning and experiences related to authority figures from the past
Personalism
- all people must adjust to the environmental and geological demands and changes
- the counselor will make most progress if he/she sees the client as a person who has learned survival skills rather than seeing the client as a disease person
Pluralism
- individuals exist in more than one category
- occurs when individuals maintain their cultural heritage but participate in political matters or other issues
Separatism
- when a group of people totally withdrawn from te political majority
F.H Alloport
- the concept of social facilitation
- individuals perform better in groups
McDougall and Ross
- introduced social psychology to America
Stanley Milgram
- associated with obedience and authority
- discovered that people who were told to give others electric shocks on command did so
Approach-Approach conflict
- when an individual is presented with two equal attractive options simultaneously
- this is the easiest to help clients
Avoidance-Avoidance conflict
- when an individual is presented with two negative alternatives
Approach-Avoidance conflict
- when an individual is presented with a positive and a negative factor at the same time.
- This is the toughest to help clients with
Melting Pot
- different cultures assimilate or melt into the dominant culture
Salad bowl
- people are mixed together, but like lettuce and tomatoes in a salad, they remain their unique cultural identity
Race
- blacks, whites
Caste System
- implies that there are fixed layers of superiority and inferiority
Solomon Asch and Muzafer Sherif
- 11 year old boy camp
- conform with the rest of the group - agree with the majority
Introspection
- The higher the social class the more time an individual has to “look within themselves”
Asians
- avoid eye contact with authority figures
Hispanics
- value spiritual healing
