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NCE > Appraisal > Flashcards

Appraisal Flashcards

1
Q

Appraisal

A
  • the process of assessing or estimating attributes
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2
Q

ACA ethics consider it unethical to administer a test to a client from a given population unless that particular test or inventory has been normed on that specific population.

A
  • Always inform clients about the limitations of any test
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3
Q

Subject Paradigm

A
  • relies mainly on the scorer’s opinion
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4
Q

Objective test

A
  • rater’s opinion plays little or no part in the scoring process
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5
Q

Halo Effect

A
  • If the rater knows the test taker’s attributes, the rater’s personal bias significantly impact the rating
  • colleagues being familiar with the the test taker so it rates him/her higher
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6
Q

Short Answer

A
  • It’s a free choice or free response test (short open-ended)
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7
Q

Free choice (free response)

A
  • test taker can respond in any manner

- short answer questions

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8
Q

Recognition Item

A
  • give the examinee 2 or more alternatives to choose from
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9
Q

Dichotomous recognition items

A
  • present two opposing choices
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10
Q

Multipoint item

A
  • When a test gives the examinee 3 or more forced choices in an item
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11
Q

Social desirability phenomenon

A
  • asserts that individuals will choose answers that they feel are socially acceptable
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12
Q

Difficulty index

A
  • percentage of individuals who answered each items; individual’s score is evaluated by comparing it to others who took it
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13
Q

Normative

A
  • each item is independent of all other items; individual’s score is evaluated by comparing it to other who took it
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14
Q

Ipsative

A
  • compare traits within the same individual, do not compare a person to other persons, does not reveal absolute strengths, measured in response to his or her own standard of behavior, points out highs and lows
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15
Q

Speed test

A
  • limited testing time to prevent perfect scores
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16
Q

Power test

A
  • designated to evaluate the level of mastery without a time limit- include difficult test items
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17
Q

Projective test

A
  • are free responses

- subjective vs. objective

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18
Q

Achievement test

A
  • measures maximum performance
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19
Q

Personality/interest inventory

A
  • measure typical performance
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20
Q

Spiral test

A
  • items get progressively more difficult
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21
Q

Cyclical test

A
  • several sections, which are spiral in nature
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22
Q

Vertical test

A
  • versions for various age brackets, levels of education
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23
Q

Horizontal test

A
  • measures various factors during the same testing procedure

- e.g battery test

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24
Q

Validity

A
  • whether the test measures what is supposed to measure
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25
Q
  1. Content Validity
A
  • whether or not the test examines or samples the behavior under scrutiny
  • is the instruments’ content appropriate for its purpose? it must contain items measuring physical, cognitive, and psychological factors
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26
Q
  1. Construct Validity
A
  • test ability to measure a theoretical construct like intelligence
  • experiment factor analysis
  • any trait that you cannot directly measure or observe
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27
Q
  1. Concurrent Validity
A
  • how well the test compares to other instruments that are intended for the same purpose
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28
Q
  1. Criterion Validity
A
  • the effectiveness of an instrument predicting an individual’s performance on a specific criterion
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29
Q
  1. Consequential validity
A
  • tries to ascertain the social implications of using tests
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30
Q
  1. Convergent Validity
A
  • the relationship/correlation of a test to an independent measure/trait
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31
Q
  1. Predictive Validity
A
  • test’s ability to predict performance now and in the future
  • high criterion
    e. g: GRE, LSAT, SAT
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32
Q
  1. Face Validity
A
  • looks or appears to measure the intended attribute
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33
Q
  1. Incremental Validity
A
  • process by which a test is refined and becomes more valid as contradictory items are dropped
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34
Q
  1. Synthetic Validity
A
  • helper looks for test that have been shown to predict each job element
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35
Q
  1. Discriminant Validity
A
  • test will not reflect unrelated variables

- depression measure are not related to achievement instrument

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36
Q

Physical vs. Psychological Measurements

A
  • Physical measurements are more reliable than psychological ones
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37
Q

Factor Analysis

A
  • analysis the interrelationships of an instruments items revealing hidden traits of dimensions (data reductions)
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38
Q

Validity Coefficient

A
  • A correlation between a test score and the criterion measure
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39
Q

A RELIABLE TEST is NOT Always VALID! bUT…

A

A VALID TEST is Always Reliable!

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40
Q

Standard Error of Measurement

A
  • Indicates expected margin of error in a predicted criterion score due to imperfect validity
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41
Q

Construct

A
  • any trait that cannot be directly measured or observed

- abstract: intelligence

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42
Q

Observed Score

A
  • his/her true score plus the amount of error during the administration
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43
Q

Reliability

A
  • How consistent a test measures an attribute
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44
Q

Equivalent alternate forms reliability

A
  • Occurs when half of a group takes one form of a test and the other half takes another parallel form, after which a reliability coefficient is determined for all scores. This method control for fatigue, practice, and motivation
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45
Q

Tes-retest reliability

A
  • give the same test to the same group of people two times and then correlate the scores
46
Q

Split-half method

A
  • the individual takes the entire test as a whole then the test is divided into halves, the correlation between the half scores yields a reliable coefficient
    1. Kudar Richardson Formula 20: when items are dichotomous
    2. Cronbach coefficient alpha used when there are multipoint responses
47
Q

Interrater/interobserver reliability

A
  • utilized with subjective tests, several raters assess the same performance
48
Q

Increasing a test length raises reliability

A
  • Increasing a test length raises reliability
49
Q

Reliability of 1.00

A
  • indicates a perfect score that has no error. This generally occurs only in physical measurements.
50
Q

Reliability of 0.90

A
  • Indicates that 90% of the score measured the attribute in question while 10% of the score is indicative of error. 90% id true variance while 10% is error variance. Meaning that 90% of the score is accurate whole 10% is inaccurate.
51
Q

To calculate a coefficient of determination or true variance of a reliability coefficient, square the correlation

A
  • Example: 0.70 x 0.70 = .49 x 100 = 49%
52
Q

IQ =

A
  • Mental Age (MA)/Chronological Age (CA) X 100

- IQ formula has been replaced by the standard age score (SAS)

53
Q

Francis Galton

A
  • Intelligence primarily genetic, unitary factor

- unitary faculty

54
Q

Spearman

A
  • Intelligence was comprised of 2 factors: a general ability (G) and a Specific (S) which were thought to be applicable to any mental task
55
Q

J.P. Guilford

A
  • Isolated 120 factors which added up to intelligence
  • Convergent thinking: occurs when divergent thoughts/ideas are combined into a singular concept
  • Divergent thinking: ability to generate a novel idea
56
Q

Convergent thinking:

A
  • occurs when divergent thoughts/ideas are combined into a singular concept
57
Q

Divergent thinking:

A
  • ability to generate a novel idea
58
Q

Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon

A
  • created 1st intelligence test

- test was created to discriminate normal from retarded Parisian children

59
Q

Lewis Terman

A
  • Americanized the Binet, associated with Stanford University
60
Q

Classical test theory

A
  • Most influential sum of true + amount of error presents item response - detects bias.
61
Q

Survey Achievement Batteries

A
  • SAT 10
  • Iowa test of basic skills
  • MAT 8
  • Weschler Scales - most widely used
62
Q

The Weschler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence

WPPSI-III

A
  • It’s an IQ test designed for children between the ages of 2 years 6 months and 7 years and 3 months
63
Q

The Weschler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS-III)

A
  • It’s an IQ test intended for ages 16 and up
64
Q

The Weschler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC-IV)

A
  • It’s appropriate for kids ages 6 to 16 years 11 months
65
Q

The Merrill-Palmer Scale of Mental Tests

A
  • It’s an intelligence test for infants
66
Q

WWI

A
  • provided the impetus for the group testing movement
67
Q

Culture fair test

A
  • items are known to be subject regardless of his/her culture
68
Q

Arthur Jensen

A
  • Black vs. White IQ controversy, Blacks were bred for strength not intelligence
69
Q

John Ertl

A
  • claimed he invented an electronic machine to analyze neural efficiency and take the place of a paper/pencil IQ test
70
Q

MMPI-2

A
  • Standardized personality test, self-report personality inventory intended to help clinicians diagnose and treat patients over the age of 18
71
Q

Psychometric

A
  • form of mental testing
72
Q

Francis Galton

A
  • 1st intelligence theory
73
Q

Projective testing

A
  • Association: what comes to mind when you look at this?
  • Completion: complete these sentences with real feelings
  • Construction: drawing a person
  • neutral stimuli
  • Examiner bias is common when using projective testing
74
Q

Howard Garner

A
  • 8 primary intelligence
75
Q

Raymond Cattell

A
  • 16 PF (Personality Factor) called factor analytic test, measures personality factors such as assertiveness, emotional maturity
  • Fluid and Crystallized Intelligence Theory
  • Fluid: measured by content-free reasoning such as block design or pectoral analogy problem, think logical.
  • Crystallized: measured by test that focus on content, ability to use skills, knowledge gained through learning
76
Q

Buros

A
  • Mental Measurement Yearbook
77
Q

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

A
  • by Murray

- uses pictures, intentionally ambiguous, client is asked to make up a story for each of them

78
Q

Test Bias

A
  • results from a test being normed solely on white middle clients
79
Q

Bender Visual Motor Gestalt Test

A
  • known for its ambiguity to discern whether brain damage is evident
80
Q

Interest Inventories

A
  • work best with clients in high school or above, criticism is it emphasizes professional positions and minimizes blue collar jobs, not highly correlated, reliable, not threatening
81
Q

AMECD

A
  • Association for measurement and evaluation counseling development
82
Q

Standard Error of Measurement

A
  • tells you how accurate/inaccurate a test score is, low standard of error means high reliability
83
Q

Informal assessment techniques

A
  • self-report, case notes, checklist, interviews
84
Q

Clients should know a test is merely a single source of data and not infallible

A

Clients should know a test is merely a single source of data and not infallible

85
Q

More public education is needed in the area of testing

A

More public education is needed in the area of testing

86
Q

Never generalize on the basis of a single test score

A

Never generalize on the basis of a single test score

87
Q

Buckley Amendment

A
  • individuals over 18 can inspect their own records and those of their children
88
Q

Item Difficulty

A
  • number of people who answered the item correctly Divided by Total of people tested
89
Q

Parallel Form of test

A
  • An equivalent form of the same test
90
Q

The Kuder-Richardson coefficients of equivalence

A

-

91
Q

Cross validation

A
  • it’s indeed smaller than the initial validity coefficient

- called shrinkage

92
Q

SAS

A
  • standard age score replace Binet;s IQ formula
93
Q

Wechsler IQ replaced Binet

A
  • because Binet didn’t seem to be the best test for adults
94
Q

Mean 100 and SD 15

A
  • IQ test Wechsler and Binet
95
Q

The IQ movement began with

A
  • the work of Binet
96
Q

MMPI-2

A
  • standardize personality test
97
Q

Psychometric

A
  • any form of mental test
98
Q

Psychometric

A
  • any form of mental test

- branch of counseling or psychology that dedicates to testing

99
Q

projective test

A
  • neutral stimuli
100
Q

16 PF (personality factors)

A
  • Raymond B. Cattell
101
Q

aptitude test

A
  • potential and predicts
102
Q

Achievement test

A
  • examines what you know
103
Q

TAT (thematic apperception test)

A
  • pictures

- 30 cards and one blank. the cards are ambiguous so the client can make up a story

104
Q

Bender Gestalt - the Bender visual motor gestalt test

A
  • utilized when counselor suspects the clients has a motoric disability
105
Q

AMECD

A
  • Association for Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling Development
106
Q

social desirability

A
  • person often answers questions in a socially acceptable manner
107
Q

Standard error of measurement

A
  • it tell you how accurate or inaccurate a test score is
  • Low SEOM = high reliability
  • x = t + or - e
108
Q

sefl-reports

A
  • counselor shy away from them since clients can provide inaccurate answers
109
Q

clinical psychologist

A
  • have the most training in testing
110
Q

IQ TEST

A
  • SD = 15

- Mean = 100

111
Q

Public Law 93-380 Buckley Amendment

A
  • a person over 18 years old can inspect their own records and their children
112
Q

Lewis Terman

A
  • Americanized the Binet
  • he was associated with the Stanford University
  • the test became Standford-Binet

NCE (8 decks)

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