Theoretical Explanations

Question 1

Milliband - Marxist

Answer 1

Media is the new opium of the people
Institutions act like a drug to numb the senses and produce an illusion of happiness that is not real
Media takes the proletariats attention away from exploitation and oppression of the capitalist system and allows the ruling class to control and dominate them

Question 2

Bagdikin - Marxist

Answer 2

Nate’s that in 1983 , 50 corporations controlled the vast majority of all news media in the USS but by 2004 media ownership was concentrated in 7 corporations

Question 3

Curran - Marxist

Answer 3

Press bar and we’re quite open about their propagandist role , reflects them serving the interests of their wealthy owners
Example - Rupert Murdoch - politicians clearly bribes media moguls to have a great deal of control over media content because they try to get on the right side of them

Question 4

Doyal - Marxist

Answer 4

Suggests the examination of ownership and control patterns is important for two reasons :
All points of view need to be heard if society is to be truly democratic
Abuses of power and influences by elites need to be monitored by a free media

Question 5

The Sutton Trust - Neo Marxism

Answer 5

Journalists and broadcasters tend to be white , middle class and male and more than 50% attended private school - Cristal of over representation - promotes ruling - class norms , values and ideologies

Question 6

Gilroy - Neo Marxism

Answer 6

Argues that black crime , particularly in the 1970s was a form of political resistance against the repressive racist state - the media created a folk devil surrounding black peoples which generated deviancy amplification

Question 7

Hall - Neo Marxism

Answer 7

Three key stereotypes of black people in the media - natives , entertainers and slaves - reflects unconscious racism
Constructed by those in control of the media meaning it does not challenge their dominant views

Question 8

The Glasgow media group - Noe Marxism

Answer 8

Media presentations of differ t social groups including working class - issues such as worker strikes and industrial action
Representation of immigrants and asylum seekers - stereotypes in a negative way
Sensationalised and inaccurate media presentations of different social groups , legitimise and justify political action

Question 9

Whale - pluralism

Answer 9

What we see in the press/ news is determined by its readers / audiences

Question 10

Williams - pluralism

Answer 10

Journalists are vital in a democratic society as they provide the general public with the information required to participate in political and cultural life

Question 11

The two - step flow model - Pluralism

Answer 11

Can be seen to support the pluralist view of media representation me - the key argument being that people decide whether they choose to accept media represent of social groups

Question 12

Halloran - Pluralism

Answer 12

Claims that audiences are able to manipulate the media as they has the plural views of society

Question 13

Curran and Gurevitch - Pluralism

Answer 13

States that audience are therefore capable of conforming and accepting these representations, or rejecting them

Question 14

Mulvey - liberal feminism

Answer 14

Male gaze - semiology
Rear window - close ups and Choice of costume
Vertigo - watched by males , pressure to look good
Transformers

Question 15

Lauzen - liberal feminist

Answer 15

Only 16% of all directors , executive producers, producers, writers , cinematographers and editors- 2% decrease since 2012

Question 16

Tunstall - Radical feminism

Answer 16

Ignores the fact that the majority of British women work - emphasised their domestic, sexual , consumer and marital activities

Question 17

Tuchman - Radical feminism

Answer 17

Symbolic annihilation- only represented in a passive/ hegemonic way

Question 18

Wolf - Radical feminism

Answer 18

Beauty myth - women fell pressure to conform to the male images of what a women should look like

Question 19

Beechy - Marxist feminist

Answer 19

Women are part of the reserve army of labour

Question 20

Whelehan - recent feminist

Answer 20

FHM , Maxim and Loaded claimed that these magi zones override the message of feminism - promoted a laddish culture

Question 21

McRobbie - Recent feminist

Answer 21

States that generally magazines do have an impact on the identity of their readers - discourse of Western enlighten values

Question 22

McLuhan - postmodernism

Answer 22

Global village - new pattern of communication and social interactions
Globalisation has had a direct impact on media representations
Everybody lives in the upmost proximity created by our electric involvement in one another’s lives

Question 23

Strinati - postmodernism

Answer 23

Media saturation - media plays a significant role whilst people are constructing their identities due to people being connected with devices and devices on a daily basis erosion of identity

Question 24

Baudrillard - postmodernism

Answer 24

Media saturation has altered reality - negative impact on society
Media saturation has made it incredibly difficult for people to distinguish what is reality and what is fiction
Engulfed by communication

Question 25

Turkle - postmodernism

Answer 25

Alone together

Question 26

Watson - postmodernism

Answer 26

Social media has created a decline in the sense of community. People are no longer interested in building relationships in the real world