Theoretical Considerations

Question 1

phonology: rules concerning
-it is specific to ?
2 levels of sound presentation:
phonemic level:
phonetic level:

Answer 1

patterns of phonemes in language

language as each different language has own set of rules

• phoneme is central unit
• phones, allophones, are central (speech sounds we produce, speech sounds we perceive)

Question 2

phonemic level:
the phoneme is used in different ?
phonemes also are organized into units that follow?
phonemes serve ?

when a child uses phonemes to contrast two words thus establishing ? the child is demonstrating ?

Answer 2

word contrasts to distinguish one word from another

phonotactics of specific language

linguistic function

meaning between the two words
-phonological awareness

Question 3

phonetic level:
speech sounds are ?
speech sounds require ?
speech sounds:

Answer 3

physical representation of phonemes
artic.
physical, concrete, nonlinguistic

Question 4

function:
when this ? then is serves a ?

Answer 4

articulation
-the audible sequence of speech sounds strung together

-physical form of sounds is meaningful/language specific function

Question 5

form and function =

so both:

is needed for effective comm.

Answer 5

production of speech sounds (artic./phonetics)

combining of these sounds into units that follow the rules of language (phonology/phonemes)

Question 6

distinctive feature analysis uses a ? to identify?

Answer 6

binary system/if a phoneme contains a certain quality

Question 7

generative phonology: derived from 
explored the ?
two levels of sound representation: 
1.
2.

phonological rules govern how the ? is transformed into the ?

Answer 7

distinctive feature theories

underlying form or deep structure (mental rep. ) of language competency

phonological rep.: deep form underlying representation of sound

phonetic rep.: actual production of surface form of a sound

underlining form (phonological rep.) / surface form (phonetic rep.)

Question 8

naturalness and markedness :

naturalness a.k.a?

• focuses on the
• focuses on how often

markedness

• focuses on the
• focuses on how ?

Answer 8

unmarked
simplicity of sound production
sound occurs in language

difficulty of sound prod.
infrequent sound occurs across languages

Question 9

natural phonology:
purpose is to explain
children use innate phon. processes which are:
1.
2.simplification of
3. easier sound classes
4. developmental progression is followed until

Answer 9

normal phonological development of children

natural, innate, and universal
rules of language
produced until motor maturity est.
child reaches level of adult phon. system

Question 10

3 mechanisms which may explain child’s continual revision of phonological system:
limitation: child initially uses a more ?

Answer 10

natural sound for a more marked sound

Question 11

3 mech. continued
ordering: what initially appears to be ? becomes?

suppression: as a child’s phon. system matures the phon. process is ? the process is no longer ?

Answer 11

unorganized and random subst. / organized and consistent subst.

suppressed/ used and child’s speech patterns start to mach adult speech patterns