Chapter 1 & 2

Question 1

Communication -

require language?

Answer 1

NO

Question 2

what verbal form of comm. do humans use most:

Answer 2

speech

Question 3

three areas under speech

Answer 3

articulation, fluency, voice

Question 4

Language

made up of:

components of language

Answer 4

complex and dynamic system of conventional symbols that is used in various modes for thought and communication

rule based, social, made up of symbols, arbitrary

expression, reception

phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics pragmatics

Question 5

phonotactics:

Answer 5

description of allowed combination of phonemes in a particular language

Question 6

allophone: how is it marked? considered a phoneme or speech sound?

Answer 6

…

Question 7

articulation disorder

atypical v. typical

unrelated to ? and independent of ?

Answer 7

difficulty with planning and execution of motor movement/ atypical production of phones - substitution, omission, addition, distortion

non-age appropriate/ age-appropriate

age/language (language remains intact)

Question 8

phonological disorder

Answer 8

impaired comprehension of sound system of a language and the rules that govern these sound combinations

Question 9

Phonetic inventory v. phonemic inventory:

Answer 9

the actual sound production including allophonic variations (form of sounds)

what sounds does the child use contrastively to differentiate words. does child understand rules that govern patterns and org. of speech sounds? (function of sounds)

Question 10

Phonotactic contraints:

Answer 10

phoneme use restricted, not used in all possible word positions

Question 11

Five subgroups of speech sound disorders:

Answer 11

articulation disorder: inability to produce certain phones

phon. delay: phonological patterns evidenced in normal development but typically noted at an earlier chron. age

consistent phon. disorder: consistent use of non-develop. error patterns, atypical and idiosyncratic error patterns

inconsistent phonetic disorder: 40% variability of production, multiple errors for same word

childhood apraxia: multi-deficit motor speech disorder involving phon. planning, phonetic and motor programming difficulties

Question 12

Phonetics:

Answer 12

study of speech emphasizing description, classification, according to production, transmission nd perceptual features

Question 13

acoustic phonetics:

Answer 13

transmission properties of speech

Question 14

what are the frequencies and amplitudes of speech sounds measured in

Answer 14

frequency, intensity and duration

Question 15

articulatory phonetics:

Answer 15

production features of phones, their categorization and arrangement according to specific details of their production

Question 16

vowels:

Answer 16

open vocal tract, no significant restriction of oral cavities required, airstream unimpeded OPEN

voiced

highly resonant - greater sonority (loudness relative to that of other sounds)

Question 17

consonants:

Answer 17

significant constriction, articulatory obstacle of airstream constricted
-voiced or voiceless
sonorant consonants: open expiratory pathway (nasals and approximants)

obstruents: complete or narrow constriction between articulators hindering expiratory airstream (plosives, fricatives, affricates)

Question 18

monopthongs:
dipthong:

Answer 18

remain same throughout entire production

change in quality of production (onglide, offglide)

Question 19

difference between rising and centering/rhotic dipthongs:

Answer 19

lower onglide to higher offglide position

louder and longer onglide and a less intense shorter offglide, offglide is a central vowel ( upside down e or er )

Question 20

what does it mean that a rising dipthong is non phonemic

Answer 20

those that the meaning of the word wold not change if the vowel were to be pronounced as a monopthong versus a dipthong

Question 21

three phonetic categories for consonants:

Answer 21

voicing, place manner

Question 22

sibilant quality:

list them

Answer 22

• [s] [z] [ʃ] [tʃ] [dʒ] [ʒ]. - higher amplitude and pitch

Question 23

coarticulation:

Answer 23

the concept that the articulators are continually moving into position for other segments over a stretch of speech

Question 24

assimilation:

Answer 24

adaptive articulatory changes through which one speech sound becomes similar, sometimes identical to neighboring segment, also referred to as harmony processes

Question 25

progressive assimilation:

Answer 25

a segment influences a following sound in a linear manner

Question 26

refressive assimilation:

Answer 26

a sound segment influences a preceding sound

Question 27

assimilationwhich involves adjacent sounds is referred to as

Answer 27

contact or contiguous

Question 28

assimilation which involves un-adjacent sounds is referred to as:

Answer 28

remote or noncontiguous

Question 29

total assimilation:

Answer 29

change segment and source of influence identical

Question 30

elision: (aka ?)

Answer 30

omission - phoneme is deleted as a result of other sounds influence in connected speech
-h and th final consonants most effected

Question 31

coalescence:

Answer 31

two adjacent sound units merge into a new but different sound

sandwhich to samitch

Question 32

how can we be sure that what we label a sound error is not just normal assimilation

Answer 32

we need to look at different stages of speech language development to see if systemic assimilation process

Question 33

Allophone: how is it marked considered a phoneme or speech sound

Answer 33

variation in the production of said phonemes

[ ]

phoneme

can’t have allophone unless produced out loud

Question 34

delayed:

phonological delay:

Answer 34

developmental sequence is correct yet behind age of typical development

phonological patterns typical to development have not been eliminated

Question 35

consistent phonological disorder:

inconsistent phonological disorder:

Answer 35

non-developmental, different, for example: backing of alveolars, deleting initial consonants

criteria noted is as 40% or more variability a production demonstrated after naming 25 pictures on three separate trials

Question 36

childhood apraxia of speech:

articulation disorder:

Answer 36

this motor speech disorder affects a child’s ability to motor plan the production of speech both phonological and phonetic deficit

this is a phonetic based disorder. the child has a physical inability to produce phonemes. this is most often manifested in production of “s” and “r” sounds

Question 37

what are the frequencies and amplitudes of speech sounds measured in

Answer 37

dB: measurement of intensity, amplitude, loudness

measurement of frequency and pitch

Question 38

lowest sounds

highest sounds

Answer 38

vowel sounds (250-1,000 Hz) usually easier to hear

”s” “h” “f” (1,500 - 6,000Hz) harder to hear. consonants convey most of meaning of what we say. Someone who cannot hear high frequency sounds will have a hard time understanding speech and language

Question 39

process of articulation is dependent on processes of

Answer 39

respiration, phonation and resonance

-anatomical-physiological requisites of greatly improved articulatory skills

Question 40

which dipthongs are non-phonemic and which are phonemic?

Answer 40

e or ei , o or ou - non phonemic

oi, au, ai - phonemic

Question 41

every syllable must have a

Answer 41

nucleus, if only consonants then it is a syllabic consonant

Question 42

three types of phonetics:

Answer 42

acoustic
auditory
articulatory

Question 43

ambisyllabic

Answer 43

not sure what syllable the phoneme belongs to

mission, bottle, penny

Question 44

syllabic consonant\

most common

Answer 44

a consonant that replaces a vowel in a syllable

/l/ /m/ /n/ /r/