Chapter 1 & 2 Flashcards
Communication -
require language?
NO
what verbal form of comm. do humans use most:
speech
three areas under speech
articulation, fluency, voice
Language
made up of:
components of language
complex and dynamic system of conventional symbols that is used in various modes for thought and communication
rule based, social, made up of symbols, arbitrary
expression, reception
phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics pragmatics
phonotactics:
description of allowed combination of phonemes in a particular language
allophone: how is it marked? considered a phoneme or speech sound?
…
articulation disorder
atypical v. typical
unrelated to ? and independent of ?
difficulty with planning and execution of motor movement/ atypical production of phones - substitution, omission, addition, distortion
non-age appropriate/ age-appropriate
age/language (language remains intact)
phonological disorder
impaired comprehension of sound system of a language and the rules that govern these sound combinations
Phonetic inventory v. phonemic inventory:
the actual sound production including allophonic variations (form of sounds)
what sounds does the child use contrastively to differentiate words. does child understand rules that govern patterns and org. of speech sounds? (function of sounds)
Phonotactic contraints:
phoneme use restricted, not used in all possible word positions
Five subgroups of speech sound disorders:
articulation disorder: inability to produce certain phones
phon. delay: phonological patterns evidenced in normal development but typically noted at an earlier chron. age
consistent phon. disorder: consistent use of non-develop. error patterns, atypical and idiosyncratic error patterns
inconsistent phonetic disorder: 40% variability of production, multiple errors for same word
childhood apraxia: multi-deficit motor speech disorder involving phon. planning, phonetic and motor programming difficulties
Phonetics:
study of speech emphasizing description, classification, according to production, transmission nd perceptual features
acoustic phonetics:
transmission properties of speech
what are the frequencies and amplitudes of speech sounds measured in
frequency, intensity and duration
articulatory phonetics:
production features of phones, their categorization and arrangement according to specific details of their production
vowels:
open vocal tract, no significant restriction of oral cavities required, airstream unimpeded OPEN
voiced
highly resonant - greater sonority (loudness relative to that of other sounds)
consonants:
significant constriction, articulatory obstacle of airstream constricted
-voiced or voiceless
sonorant consonants: open expiratory pathway (nasals and approximants)
obstruents: complete or narrow constriction between articulators hindering expiratory airstream (plosives, fricatives, affricates)
monopthongs:
dipthong:
remain same throughout entire production
change in quality of production (onglide, offglide)
difference between rising and centering/rhotic dipthongs:
lower onglide to higher offglide position
louder and longer onglide and a less intense shorter offglide, offglide is a central vowel ( upside down e or er )
what does it mean that a rising dipthong is non phonemic
those that the meaning of the word wold not change if the vowel were to be pronounced as a monopthong versus a dipthong
three phonetic categories for consonants:
voicing, place manner
sibilant quality:
list them
- [s] [z] [ʃ] [tʃ] [dʒ] [ʒ]. - higher amplitude and pitch
coarticulation:
the concept that the articulators are continually moving into position for other segments over a stretch of speech
assimilation:
adaptive articulatory changes through which one speech sound becomes similar, sometimes identical to neighboring segment, also referred to as harmony processes
progressive assimilation:
a segment influences a following sound in a linear manner
refressive assimilation:
a sound segment influences a preceding sound
assimilationwhich involves adjacent sounds is referred to as
contact or contiguous
assimilation which involves un-adjacent sounds is referred to as:
remote or noncontiguous
total assimilation:
change segment and source of influence identical
elision: (aka ?)
omission - phoneme is deleted as a result of other sounds influence in connected speech
-h and th final consonants most effected
coalescence:
two adjacent sound units merge into a new but different sound
sandwhich to samitch
how can we be sure that what we label a sound error is not just normal assimilation
we need to look at different stages of speech language development to see if systemic assimilation process
Allophone: how is it marked considered a phoneme or speech sound
variation in the production of said phonemes
[ ]
phoneme
can’t have allophone unless produced out loud
delayed:
phonological delay:
developmental sequence is correct yet behind age of typical development
phonological patterns typical to development have not been eliminated
consistent phonological disorder:
inconsistent phonological disorder:
non-developmental, different, for example: backing of alveolars, deleting initial consonants
criteria noted is as 40% or more variability a production demonstrated after naming 25 pictures on three separate trials
childhood apraxia of speech:
articulation disorder:
this motor speech disorder affects a child’s ability to motor plan the production of speech both phonological and phonetic deficit
this is a phonetic based disorder. the child has a physical inability to produce phonemes. this is most often manifested in production of “s” and “r” sounds
what are the frequencies and amplitudes of speech sounds measured in
dB: measurement of intensity, amplitude, loudness
measurement of frequency and pitch
lowest sounds
highest sounds
vowel sounds (250-1,000 Hz) usually easier to hear
”s” “h” “f” (1,500 - 6,000Hz) harder to hear. consonants convey most of meaning of what we say. Someone who cannot hear high frequency sounds will have a hard time understanding speech and language
process of articulation is dependent on processes of
respiration, phonation and resonance
-anatomical-physiological requisites of greatly improved articulatory skills
which dipthongs are non-phonemic and which are phonemic?
e or ei , o or ou - non phonemic
oi, au, ai - phonemic
every syllable must have a
nucleus, if only consonants then it is a syllabic consonant
three types of phonetics:
acoustic
auditory
articulatory
ambisyllabic
not sure what syllable the phoneme belongs to
mission, bottle, penny
syllabic consonant\
most common
a consonant that replaces a vowel in a syllable
/l/ /m/ /n/ /r/
