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Geography > Theme A > Flashcards

Theme A Flashcards

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1
Q

What does a closed system mean?

A

The Total amount of water on the earth never changes

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2
Q

Explain Drainage Basin

A

A n area of land that is drained by a river and its tributaries

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3
Q

Is a drainage basin open or closed system?

A

Open

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3
Q

Where does the river begin?

A

Source

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3
Q

What is the mouth?

A

Where the river meets the sea

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4
Q

What is the confluence?

A

The point where two rivers meet

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4
Q

Watershed

A

Imaginary line that surrounds a drainage basin

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5
Q

Ground Water Flow

A

Movements of water underground from rocks to river

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6
Q

Throughflow

A

Movement of water downhill from soil to river

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7
Q

Surface Storage

A

Where water is stored in lakes

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8
Q

Evapo Transpiration

A

Water evaporating from plants

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9
Q

Interception

A

Water being caught and collected and stored by the plant/trees

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10
Q

Surface Run Off

A

Water flowing along the surface into the river

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11
Q

Infiltration

A

movement of water from surface to soil

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12
Q

Precipitation

A

Where water enters the system (hail,snow,rain)

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13
Q

Evaporation

A

Where water leaves the system and goes back to clouds

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14
Q

Soil Storage

A

Water is stored in soil

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15
Q

Percolation

A

Water moving from soil to rocks

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16
Q

River Discharge

A

Water leaving drainage basin through river

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17
Q

Impact of deforestation on drainage basin

A

1) Less Interception
2)More water will reach the ground and infiltration will increase
3) The soil will eventually become saturated and infiltration stops
4) Leads to increase in surface run of (floods)

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18
Q

Why does the total amount of water falling as precipitation never reach the river channel

A

1) Some water is intercepted
2) Some water is evaporated back by evapo- transpiration

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19
Q

Changes from Source to Mouth

A

Gradient
Deep
Width
Discharge
Load

20
Q

Attrition

A

Rocks collide with other rock and break into smaller rounder rocks

21
Q

Abrasion

A

Rocks rubbing against the bed and banks

22
Q

Solution (erosion)

A

Bed and banks are dissolved by weak acids

23
Q

What does transport mean?

A

Movement of material accross the river

24
Q

Explain Traction

A

Materials rolling of the riverbed

25
Q

Explain Saltation

A

Materials bouncing of the river bed

26
Q

Explain Suspension

A

Materials carried along the flow of river

27
Q

Explain Solution (Transportation)

A

Dissolved materials carried in the water

28
Q

Explain the formation of Waterfall

A

1) River Flows over hard rock and soft rock
2) The soft rock erodes more quickly
3) Leads to a step and eventually form an plungepool( abrasion and hydraulic action)
4) The plungepool undercuts the hard rock and forms an overhang
5) Hard rock will colapse due to gravity
6) Leaves a small steep sided valley called Gorge
7) Process repeats

29
Q

Explain the term Deposition

A

When river doesnt have enough energy to transport materials so it drops it off

30
Q

What is a meander?

A

A bend in the river

31
Q

What is a Floodplain

A

A floodplain is an area of flat land beside a river that holds the water during a flood

32
Q

What are floods

A

Flood is a temporary excess of water which cover an area of land which are usually dry

33
Q

Examples of Causes of Floods
Humans
Somerset Level

A

Urbanisation
Imperiable Rocks
Not Dredging Rivers

34
Q

Examples of Causes of Floods

Physical

A

Excess Rainfall
Thunderstorm

35
Q

Explain One cause of Flooding

A

One cause of Flooding is Excess Rainfaill.
This will increase infiltration

EVentually the soil will become saturated and infiltration will stop and more water will reach the surface and will increase surface run off and cause flood

36
Q

Facts and Figures of Somerset Case Study

A

Urbanisation
River not being dredges for 20 years
207 mm of rainfall
Extra water was sent from Taunton and Bridgwater
Imperiable Bed rock(Made of CLay)

37
Q

Explain Physical causes of Flooding(Somerset)

A

South England Received 207 mm of rainfall, which is the highest rainfall since records began. This led to the soil being saturated and reduced infiltration which caused more water to reach the surface. This led to an increase in surface run off and caused flooding

38
Q

Explain Human Causes of Flooding(Somerset)

A

The River Tone and Parrett had not been properly dredged in the past 20 years. This has led to a reduced capacity of the river. Therefore, when there was heavy rainfall, the river couldn’t’ve hold much water and caused flooding

Extra water was sent to the river from Taunton and Bridgwater

39
Q

Positive impacts of Flooding on People

A

Countries such as Bangladesh and Egypt rely on flood to help crops grow

40
Q

Negative Impacts of Flooding on People

A

Led to people being homeless
Impacted the housing market

41
Q

Positive Impacts of Flooding on Environment

A

In dry areas floods can bring relief from drought

42
Q

Negative impacts of Flooding on Environment

A

Wiped away habitats

Contaminated Water

43
Q

What is Hard Engineering

A

Strategies to control flooding which disrupt the natural flow of river

44
Q

What is Soft Engineering?

A

Strategies to control flooding which do not disrupt the natural flow of river

45
Q

Positives and Negatives of Dams

A

+ Controls water levels
- Can flood habitats/ expensive

46
Q

Positives and Negatives of Deeping and Widening the River
(Dredging the River)

A

++ dredging the river( Increases capacity of river which allows it to hold more water when it floods

  • Expensive
47
Q

Positives and Negatives of Straightening the river

A

+ it allows the water to flow more quickly and more water can be held

  • It can just move the flooding problem downstream(sends greater volume of water to the next section of river)
48
Q

Positives and Negatives of Storage areas

A

+ Removes Excess water from River and Stores it
- Expensive to build

49
Q

Positives and Negatives of Afforestation

A

+ Cheap/ increase interception ( Less surface run off)
- Takes a long time to be effective

50
Q

River Mississippi Case Study

6 Facts and Figures

A

River Mississippi Drains 1/3 of the USA
100 Dams were build on the Ohio River
Levees were built 15 high along 3000kms
Building has been restricted in floodplain areas such as rock island
Many Trees have been planted in Tennessee Valley
Meanders were Cut over 1750 km

Geography (10 decks)

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