Theme 9

Question 1

Archaic Hominins

Answer 1

Homo Antecesstor, heidelbergensis, neanderthalensis. Found in 1800s, teeth and bones.

Question 2

Features of archaic hominins

Answer 2

Low vault, brow ridge, thick cranial bones, large cranial capacity.

Question 3

Homo Antecesstor

Answer 3

First archaic hominins in Europe (italy and spain). Facial structure, reduced molars, increase in anterior teeth size, arched brow ridges, Oldawan stone tools. Brain size around 1100 cc. 1000-100 kya.

Question 4

Homo Heidelbergensis

Answer 4

Possible ancestor to Neanderthals. Reduced molars, large anterior teeth. Found from sites in England, Greece, and Germany. Used Acheulian stone tools, wooden spears, blade tools, possible shelter structures, hunted large game.

Question 5

Homo Neanderthalensis

Answer 5

Large distribution, Western Europe, derived traits: sloping forehead, low vault, occipital bun, arched brow ridge, large orbits, large incisors, adaptations to cooler climate. Brain size around 1500cc.

Question 6

Development of Neanderthals

Answer 6

CT Scans: Neandertal infants born with large brains-rapid development. Dental Development: Patterns inconsistent, tooth enamel deposited rapidly or within modern range. Growth Rates slower: Femoral vs dental development.

Question 7

Tech Development of Neanderthals

Answer 7

Mousterian Tools, oldest musical instrument, cave and rock shelters, use of fire, clothing.

Question 8

Diet and Subsistence development of Neanderthals

Answer 8

Exploited various foods, meat. Hunting or scavenging, post-depositional damage.

Question 9

Ritual Behaviour of Neanderthals

Answer 9

Intentional burial, symbolic behaviour with use of red ochre, extraction of feathers and modification of skeletal remains of large raptors, manufacture of objects.

Question 10

Language of Neanderthals

Answer 10

Endocranial cast asymmetry, low larynz, large pharynx (Manipulation of vowels), neandertal skull base flexion, Kebara gave hyoid bone, FOXP2 gene-associated with speech in humans. Enlargement of left hemisphere.

Question 11

Neandertal Genome

Answer 11

mtDNA: Shows that Neandertals and humans are separate species but shared common ancestor 650-50 thousand years ago.

Question 12

Denisovans

Answer 12

mtDNA from Denisova finger bone: Different from neandertals and early modern humans. Neandertals contribute genes with europeans, denisovans contribute with Melanesians.

Question 13

Extinction

Answer 13

Neandertals disappeared around 45-30 thousand years ago-outcompeted by modern humans, deteriorating climate conditions, diminished food resources, estimated tenfold increase in modern humans; reduced genetic diversity.