Theme 2

Question 1

Plato (400BC)

Answer 1

Classified things based on certain characteristics-hierarchical structure of species, stasis vs change.

Question 2

Great Chain of Being

Answer 2

Aristotle. Non being—-> Being. God at the top, minerals on the bottom, plants, animals, people in the middle. Life as unchanging.

Question 3

Geocentrism

Answer 3

Earth is the centre of the solar system, everything rotates around it.

Question 4

Heliocentrism

Answer 4

Copernicus (1543), Galileo. Sun is the centre, we are part of a large universe. Opened up comparative and secular interpretation of human kind. Allowed for changing of conventional beliefs.

Question 5

Archbishop Ussher-October 23rd, 4004 BCE

Answer 5

Ages and ranges of kings, used this to determine how old the earth was.

Question 6

James Hutton/Charles Lyell (1797-1875)

Answer 6

Uniformitarianism, earth is very old

Question 7

Uniformitarianism

Answer 7

Natural forces are constantly at work on the surface of the earth. Same forces today as in the past. Earth has to be wayyyy older than 4000 years.

Question 8

Fossils and the Great Chain of Being

Answer 8

Evidence of change incompatible with great chain. Cuvier discovered palaeontology.

Question 9

Catastrophism

Answer 9

Large scale natural disasters wiped out some species. Ex: Divine intervention (Noah’s Ark).

Question 10

Binomial Nomenclature

Answer 10

Each unique organism has a genus and a species.

Question 11

Linneus-Classification based on morphology

Answer 11

Similar families are grouped together in an order, similar genera grouped together into a family, similar species grouped together in genus. Each level is included in the level above it, levels get increasingly specific from kingdom to species.

Question 12

Jean Baptiste Lamarck

Answer 12

First theory of species evolution- 2 components: Acquired characteristics and inheritence of them.

Question 13

Acquired Characteristics

Answer 13

Change that occurs within an individuals lifetime. Brought about by use and disuse. Directd by needs of an individual in a given environement, environment creates/directs useful change.

Question 14

Inheritence

Answer 14

Changes in an individual are passed on to offspring-Pangenesis

Question 15

How was Lamarck correct and incorrect?

Answer 15

Correct-Species change overtime, similarity between parents and offspring important to evolutionary change. Populations and species are often well suited to their environment/niche
Incorrect-Limits to how much an individual can change. Changes in an individuals own lifetime are NOT passed on via heredity.

Question 16

3 fundamental observable facts of natural selection

Answer 16

Variation, inheritance, overproduction

Question 17

Thomas Malthus

Answer 17

Population growth is exponential, therefor individuals compete to survive and reproduce

Question 18

Darwin and Wallace

Answer 18

Both were English naturalists, 19th century. Both voyaged to the tropics and read Malthus’ books.

Question 19

Shared Observations of Darwin and Wallace

Answer 19

Individuals in a population are not equally likely to survive. Some are more successful competitors than others-Naturally selected in these competitions. Variation+Competition=Evolution by natural selection

Question 20

Reproductive Success (fitness)

Answer 20

Higher number of surviving infants pass on their characters to the next generation, traits allow individuals to be better competitors.

Question 21

Microevolution

Answer 21

Small genetic changes that occur within a population to make it better suited to its environement.

Question 22

Macroevolution

Answer 22

Big changes after many generations (ex: loss or formation of new species)