Theme 3

Question 1

Different Cells

Answer 1

Somatic-differentiated into different tissues, organs-full genetic material
Sex-Sperm, eggs/ova. 1/2 of genetic material, gamete vs zygote
Stem-Not yet differentiated into any type of specialized cell, can be used to treat injuries and diseases.

Question 2

Prokaryotes vs Eukaryotes

Answer 2

Pro-Single celled organisms, DNA contained within cell walls, appeared 3.7 bya, no nucleas
Euk-Multicellular organisms, appeared 1.5-1 bya, nucleus containing DNA.

Question 3

Animal Cells

Answer 3

Cell membrane (semi-permeable), cytoplasm, mitochondria, nucleus.

Question 4

DNA

Answer 4

Mitochondrial (inherited through maternal line), found in every body cell except red blood cells.

Question 5

Proteins

Answer 5

3 bases=codon. 1 codon=1 amino acid. Chain of amino acids=polypeptide. 20 different amino acids in our bodies. Wide range of functions.

Question 6

Nucleotide

Answer 6

Sugar phosphate sides+base. 3 Billion bases in human body, 19-20 thousand protein encoding things.

Question 7

Gene

Answer 7

Section of DNA that codes for the production of a protein.

Question 8

RNA and protein synthase

Answer 8

Reads the code, mRNA takes the information outside the nucleus for protein synthesis.

Question 9

Point Mutation

Answer 9

1 small, specific change

Question 10

Deletion and Insertion

Answer 10

Removing or adding bases

Question 11

Inversion

Answer 11

Sequence gets twisted around

Question 12

Mitosis vs Meiosis

Answer 12

Mitosis-Somatic, changes (mutations) don’t get passed on. 2 daughter cells formed.
Meiosis- Gametes, mutations get passed on. 4 daughter cells formed, only 1 kept.

Question 13

Where does the blood type gene reside?

Answer 13

Chromosome 9 (loci)

Question 14

Diploid Organisms

Answer 14

Principle of segregation, during meiosis, only one copy of the original chromosome is passed on to the sex cell.

Question 15

Genotype

Answer 15

Alleles that occur at the locus in that individual

Question 16

Sex Linked Traits

Answer 16

Information on the Y chromosome is not the same as on the X.

Question 17

Red-Green Colour Blindness

Answer 17

Female has recessive trait for colour blindness that is passed on via X chromosome to their son. Since the son only has one X chromosome, he will be colour blind.

Question 18

Hemophilia (Royal Blood Disease)

Answer 18

Female dominant or recessive hemophilia allele will be passed onto their son and the son will become hemophilic due to only having one X chromosome.

Question 19

Principle of Independent Assortment

Answer 19

Traits separate independently when reproductive cells develop.

Question 20

Monogenic Traits

Answer 20

Controlled by a single gene, ex) Blood type, tongue rolling (mendelian traits)

Question 21

Polygenic/Continuous Traits

Answer 21

Controlled by many genes ex) eye colour, hair colou, skin tone.

Question 22

Pleiotropic Traits

Answer 22

One gene associated with multiple effects (phenotypic traits-ex: phenylketonuria)

Question 23

Human Genome Project

Answer 23

Aim to sequence entire human genome

Question 24

Venter

Answer 24

Started his own company to quicken the sequencing of the genome, caused HGP to get more funding. Both were published in June 2000 (draft genomes).

Question 25

Human Genome

Answer 25

3 billion base pairs and 20000 protein coding genes. Lots of non-coding "junk" DNA. No concrete idea of what it does.

Question 26

Does the reference genome represent all humans globally?

Answer 26

No. Only identification of the location of genes and their method of ineritance.

Question 27

Ancient DNA (aDNA)

Answer 27

Started in 1985, DNA from poor quality samples (2000 year old mummies)- discovered origin and spread of human diseases (plague, tuberculosis, syphillis), and human neanderthal evolutionary history (up to 4% of neanderthal DNA in modern humans).

Question 28

aDNA tropically

Answer 28

Difficult to recover with high amounts of degradation. High levels of contamination, usually about 1% of DNA from a sample is the target DNA.

Question 29

Lamarck and Weismann

Answer 29

Lamarck-Environment directs variation | Weismann-Identified somatic vs sex cells-genetic variation only occurs through mutation in the sex cells.

Question 30

Epigenetics

Answer 30

Affect gene expression, changes that occur in the regulation of DNA. Can be passed on to future generations. Can interfere with transcription. Epigenetcs does not change actual DNA-gene must be encoded first so epigenome can act on it.

Question 31

Epigenetic Tags

Answer 31

Attaches to DNA and inhibits/expreses genes. Talks with environment, tags are influenced by environement and are turned on/off.

Question 32

Epigenetics and Cortisol

Answer 32

World Trade Centre, 1700 pregnant women directly exposed during attack-38 women were looked at. Lower salivary cortisol (PTSD) in mothers and infants born to these women.