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Clinical Pathology > Theme 7 Haematology: Introduction to Haematology > Flashcards

Theme 7 Haematology: Introduction to Haematology Flashcards

1
Q

What is haemopoiesis?

A

the production of blood cells and platelets, which occurs in the bone marrow

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2
Q

What are the properties of haemopoietic stem cells?

A
  • self renewal (stem cells dividing to make more stem cells)
  • high proliferative potential
  • differential potential for all lineages
  • long term activity throughout the lifespan of the individuals
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3
Q

In symmetrical self-renewal, are the daughter cells identical to parent cells?

A

yes

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4
Q

what day does haemopoiesis start in embryonic development ?

A

starts at day 27

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5
Q

Explain the different sites that haemopoisis occurs during embryonic development?

A
  1. Starts in AGM (aorto-gonado-mesonephros)
  2. haemopoietic stem cells migrate to the foetal liver
  3. Then spleen and bone marrow
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6
Q

Where are the sites of haemopoiesis in early life?

A

liver and spleen

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7
Q

Explain the haemopoietic lineages e.g what can a stem cell go onto become?

A

Can either become:

  1. Myeloid precursor
    - granulocytes (WBCs) –> neutrophils, monocyte, eosinophil, basophil
    - erythrocytes (RBCs)
    - platelets
  2. Lymphoid
    - B-lymphocytes (WBCs)
    - T-lymphocytes (WBCs)
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8
Q

What are the functions of blood cells?

A
  • oxygen transport (they contain haemoglobin)
  • coagulation (haemostasis)
  • immune response to infection
  • immune response to abnormal cells
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9
Q

What is the lifespan of a red blood cell?

A

120 days

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10
Q

What is:

  1. Anaemia
  2. Polycythaemia
A
  1. Reduced red cells

2. Raised red cells

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11
Q

What are the 3 classifications of white blood cells?

A
  1. Granulocytes
    - neutrophils
    - eosinophils
    - basophils
  2. Monocytes
  3. Lymphocytes
    - T cells
    - B cells
    - NK cells
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12
Q

What is the most common white cell in adult blood?

A

neutrophils

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13
Q

What is:

  1. neutrophilia
  2. neutropenia
A
  1. increased numbers of neutrophils

2. decreased numbers of neutrophils

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14
Q

What is eosinophilia

A

increased number of eosinophils e.g parasitic infections, allergies

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15
Q

What is basophilia?

A

increased number of basophils –> this is a hall mark of chronic myeloid leukaemia

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16
Q

What is monocytosis?

A

increased numbers of monocytes e.g tuberculosis

17
Q

When monocytes migrate to tissues, what are they called?

A

macrophages

18
Q

What is:

  1. Lymphocytosis
  2. Lymphopenia
A
  1. increased numbers of lymphocytes e.g in glandular fever

2. decreased numbers of lymphocytes e.g post bone marrow transplant

19
Q

Which immune system are B and T lymphocytes apart of?

A

adaptive immune system

20
Q

What is plasmacytosis?

A

increased number of plasma cells e.g in infection, myeloma

21
Q

Which cells are platelets derived from?

A

bone marrow megakaryocytes

22
Q

What does ‘reference range’ mean?

A

the set of values for a given test that incorporates 95% of the normal population

23
Q

What does a false negative mean?

A

a diseased patients with a result in the normal reference range

24
Q

What does a false positive mean?

A

a healthy patient with a result outside the normal reference range

25
Q

What is sensitivity?

A
  • defined as the proportion of abnormal results correctly classified by the test
  • expresses the ability to correctly identify those WITH the diesease
26
Q

How do we calculate the sensitivity of a test?

A

sensitivity = true positive / (true positive + false negative)

27
Q

What is specificity?

A
  • the proportion of normal results correctly classified by the test
  • expresses the ability to correctly identify those WITHOUT the disease
28
Q

How do we calculate specificity?

A

= true negative / (true negative + false positive)

29
Q

What is microcytic hypochromic anaemia?

A

small and pale red blood cells

30
Q

What are the causes of microcytic hypochromic anaemia?

A
  • iron deficiency
  • thalassaemia
  • anaemia of chronic disease
  • lead poisoning
  • sideroblastic anaemia
31
Q

What is normocytic normochromic anaemia?

A

normal size and haemoglobin content

32
Q

What is macrocytic anaemia and what are the causes?

A
  • big RBCs
  • megaloblastic: VitB12 or folate deficiency
  • non-megalobastic: alcohol, liver disease, aplastic anaemia
33
Q

What is a coagulation screen?

A

Measures:

  • time taken for a clot to form when plasma is mixed with specified re agents
  • prothrombin time
  • thrombin time
34
Q

What is a bone marrow aspirate?

A

under local anaesthetic, liquid marrow is aspirated from the posterior iliac crest of the pelvis and a threphine core biopsy is then taken with a hollow needle

35
Q

What is the hallmark of iron deficiency anaemia?

A
  • long thin cells called pencil cells

- small, pale red cells (low MCV and MCH)

Clinical Pathology (57 decks)

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