Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Clinical Pathology > Theme 6: Clinical infections in childhood and pregnancy > Flashcards

Theme 6: Clinical infections in childhood and pregnancy Flashcards

1
Q

Which 3 conditions do you want to screen early in pregnancy? ideally by 10 weeks

A

HIV, syphilis and hepB

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Which infections can be transmitted from mother to baby during pregnancy?

A 
TORCH
Taxoplasmosis
Others (syphilis, HIV, coxsackie virus, HepB, varicella-zoster)
Rubella
Cytomegalovirus disease
Herpes simplex disease
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How do TORCH infections spread from mother to baby?

A

haematogenous spread

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the fetal consequences of TORCH infections?

A
  • abortion
  • still birth
  • prematurity
  • IUGR
  • congenital malformations (microcephaly, intracranial calcifications)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are other perinatal infections (other than TORCH) that can be passed onto the foetus?

A
  • group B streptococcus
  • listeriosis
  • gonorrhoea
  • chlamydia
  • HIV
  • HepB
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Does the UK recommend screening for group B streptococci?

A

no as it is not clear that screening does more good than harm and is cost effective

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What condition can arise in a neonate if their mother is infected with group B streptococci?

A

neonatal sepsis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

If a women has had a previous GBS carriage, what is the likelihood of maternal GBS carriage in current pregnancy?

A

50%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What 3 options does a previous GBS carrier have in their current pregnancy?

A
  1. to not have intra-partum antibiotics
  2. to have intra-partum antibiotics
  3. screening at 35-37 weeks and offer antibiotics to those who have GBS colonisation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is chorioamnionitis?

A

-inflammation of umbilical cord, amniotic membranes/fluid, placenta -major cause of perinatal morbidity and mortality

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the symptoms of chorioamnionitis?

A
  • maternal fever
  • uterine tenderness
  • tachycardia
  • purulent/foul amniotic fluid
  • neonatal sepsis/pneumonia/neurodevelopment disability
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the risk factors for intra-amniotic infections?

A
  • most common after prolonged rupture of membranes
  • amniocentisis
  • cordocentesis
  • multiple vaginal examinations
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the pathogenesis behind intra-amniotic infections?

A
  • bacteria present in the vagina cause infection by ascending through the cervix
  • haematogenous infection is is rare
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the 3 causative organisms of intra-amniotic infections?

A
  • Group B strep
  • E. coli
  • genital mycoplasma
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How do we treat intra-amniotic infections?

A
  • intra-partum antimicrobials and delivery of the foetus

- antimicrobials should be administered at the time of diagnosis (not after delivery)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is puerperal endometritis?

A

uterine infection (lining of the wall) during pueperium (6 weeks after childbirth)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the risk factors for puerperal endometritis?

A
  • caesarean section
  • prolonged labour
  • prolonged rupture of membranes
  • multiple vaginal examinations
  • sepsis, pelvic abscess and peritonitis in moter
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the clinical features of puerperal endometritis?

A
  • fever
  • uterine tenderness
  • purulent, foul-smelling lochia (post-partum bleeding)
  • increased white cell count
  • general malaise, abdominal pain
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the causative organisms in puerperal endometritis?

A
  • E.coli
  • group B strep
  • anaerobes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

How do we treat puerperal endometritis?

A

broad spectrum intravenous antimicrobials - continued until the patient has been apyrexial for 48 hr

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is EOS?

A
  • early onset neonatal sepsis
  • usually within 72hrs
  • major cause of mortality
22
Q

What are the major causative pathogens in neonatal late-onset sepsis?

A
  • coagulase-negative staphylococci
  • staphylococcus aureus
  • e.coli
  • klebsiella spp
  • pseudomonas spp
  • candida spp
23
Q

Who is at risk of childhood infections?

A
  • young infants –> frequent hand-to-mouth behaviours, not fully immunised
  • children with special health care needs
  • children with impaired immune systems
  • children with long standing prosthetic devices
24
Q

What are 3 main upper respiratory tract infections in children?

A
  • common cold
  • acute tonsilitis
  • acute otitis media
25
Q

What is a sore throat?

A

any of various inflammations of the tonsils, pharynx or larynx characterised by pain in swallowing

  • viral (70-80%)
  • bacterial - group A beta-haemolytic streptococcus (20-30%)
26
Q

What is croup?

A
  • inflammation and narrowing of the subglottic region of the larynx
  • most often caused by a viral infection
27
Q

What are the symptoms of croup?

A
  • stridor
  • barking cough
  • hoarseness
  • respiratory distress
  • fever
  • coryza
28
Q

What is acute otitis media?

A

-ear infection

29
Q

What bacteria can cause acute otitis media?

A

-strep pneumoniae
-H.influenzae
etc

30
Q

What are the symptoms of acute otitis media?

A
  • unusual irritability
  • difficulty sleeping
  • middle ear effusion and inflammation of middle ear
  • tugging or pulling at one or both ears
  • fever
  • fluid draining from the ear
  • loss of balance
  • unresponsiveness to quiet sounds or other signs of hearing difficulty
31
Q

Give examples of lower respiratory tract infections in children?

A
  • RSV (most common by far)
  • pneumonia
  • adenovirus
  • influenza
  • acute bronchitis
  • bronchiolitis
32
Q

What is bronchiolitis?

A
  • inflammation of the bronchioles/ small airways in children younger than 2 years, usually 3-6 months of life
  • a seasonal viral illness characterised by fever, nasal discharge and dry, wheezy cough
  • typically caused by RSV
33
Q

How does pneumonia present?

A

acute febrile illness, possibly preceded by viral URTI

34
Q

What are the symptoms of pneumonia?

A
  • breathlessness
  • irritability
  • sleeplessness
  • cough
  • chest or abdominal pain in older patients
  • audible wheezing
  • younger children rarely cough, may present with grunting, tachypnoea and chest retractions
35
Q

What is pertussis cough?

A
  • highly communicable acute respiratory infection caused by B.pertussis
  • humans are sole reservoir –> aerolised respiratory droplets
36
Q

What are the 3 stages of pertussis?

A
  1. catarrhal phase (7-10 days) - cold like
  2. paroxysmal phase (2-6 weeks)
  3. convalescent ohase
37
Q

What is the clinical presentation of meningitis in children?

A

Non-specific:

  • fever
  • irritability
  • lethargy
  • poor feeding
  • high pitched cry, bulging AF
  • convulsions, opisthotonos
38
Q

What organisms cause meningitis in neonates?

A

group B streptococcus
E.coli
listeria monocytogenes

39
Q

What organisms cause meningitis in young infants?

A

streptococcus pneumonia

neisseria meningitis

40
Q

What is the most common infection of the CNS?

A

Viral meningitis

41
Q

What are the symptoms of meningococcemia?

A

fever, non-specific malaise, lethargy, vomiting, meningism, resp distress, irritability, seizures, maculopapular rash

42
Q

What is the prevalence of UTIs in children and what organisms are they caused by?

A
  • 7% of girls and 2% of boys experience a symptomatic culture proven UTI up to 6 years of age
  • organisms: E.coli, proteus, klebsiella, enterococcus
43
Q

What are the symptoms of UTI?

A
  • dysuria
  • frequency
  • urgency
  • small-volume voids
  • lower abdominal pain
  • fever
  • irritability
  • vomiting
  • poor appetitie
44
Q

How do we collect urine samples from infants?

A
  • if possible use non-invasive method i.e urine collection pad
  • if not catheter sample or suprapubic aspiration
45
Q

What is the clinical presentation of impetigo?

A
  • classically ruptured vesicles with honey coloured crusting
  • may be bullous
  • commonly starts around face and mouth
46
Q

What organisms is impetigo caused by?

A

staph aureus or strep pyogenes

very contagious, rapid spread

47
Q

What is the treatment for impetigo?

A

topical antibiotics or oral flucloxacillin

48
Q

What organism is scarlet fever caused by?

A

group A beta haemolytic streptococcus

49
Q

What are the symptoms of scarlet fever?

A

fever
headache
sore throat
flushed face with circumoral pallor
rash appears on chest/abdomen, may extend to whole body
-desquamaton after 5 days, particuarly on soles and palms
-white strawberry tongue

50
Q

What is the treatment for scarlet fever?

A

penicillin

Clinical Pathology (57 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions