Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Clinical Pathology > Theme 11 L2: Lower GI Pathology > Flashcards

Theme 11 L2: Lower GI Pathology Flashcards

(47 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What is diverticulosis of the colon?

A

protrusions of mucosa and submucosa through the bowel sall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Which part of the colon does diverticulosis usually occur?

A

sigmoid colon - located between the mesenteric and anti-mesenteric taenia coli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the two types of diverticula of the large bowel?

A
  1. True “congenital” diverticulum

2. Acquired / “false”/ “pseudo” diverticulum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What food group in the diet are diverticula associated with?

A

fibre content

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the pathogenesis of diverticula of the large bowel?

A
  1. increased intra-luminal pressure
    - irregular, unco-ordinated peristalsis
    - over lapping (valve like) semi circular arcs of bowel wall
  2. Points of relative weakness in the bowel wall
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the clinical features of diverticular disease?

A
  • asymptomatic in 90%
  • cramping abdo pain
  • alternating constipation and diarrhiea
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the acute complications of diverticular disease?

A
  • diverticulitis/ peri diverticular abscess
  • perforation
  • haemorrhage
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How does diverticulitis or a peridiverticular abscess arise?

A
  • faeces get stuck in diverticulum
  • bacteria accumulates
  • causes inflammation or an abscess
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the chronic complications of diverticular disease?

A
  • intestinal obstruction
  • fistula
  • diverticular colitis
  • polypoid prolapsing mucosal folds
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is colitis?

A
  • inflammation of the colon
  • usually mucosal inflammation
  • occasionally transmural e.g Chron’s
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the types of acute colitis?

A
  1. Acute infective colitis e.g campylobacter, salmonella
  2. antibiotic associated colitis
  3. Drug induced colitis
  4. Acute ischaemic colitis (transient or gangrenous)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the two types of chronic colitis?

A
  1. Chronic idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease

2. Ischaemic colitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the 3 types of idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease?

A
  1. ulcerative colitis
  2. crohn’s disease
  3. unclassified and indeterminate colitis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the risk factors for the different IBD?

A
  1. CD is more common in females, UC has equal incidence
  2. Cigarette smoking is a risk factor for CD, but a protective factor from UC
  3. Oral contraceptive
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the clinical presentation of a patient with Ulcerative colitis?

A
  • diarrhoea with urgency/ tenesmus
  • rectal bleeding
  • abdominal pain
  • anorexia
  • weight loss
  • anaemia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the complications of ulcerative colitis?

A
  • toxic megacolon and perforation
  • haemorrhage
  • stricture
  • carcinoma
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the clinical presentation of Crohn’s disease?

A
  • chronic relapsing disease
  • affects all levels of GIT from mouth to anus
  • bloody diarrhoea
  • abdominal pain/ mass
  • weight loss/ failure to thrive
  • anorexia
  • fever
  • oral ulcers
  • peri-anal disease
  • anaemia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the top 3 sites that Crohn’s disease occurs?

A
  1. Ileocolic
  2. Small bowel
  3. Colonic
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is a characteristic feature of Crohn’s disease?

Study These Flashcards
A

skip lesions - unequal distribution around the GI tract

20
Q

What are the complications of Crohn’s?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • toxic megacolon (colonic distension)
  • perforation
  • fistula
  • stricture
  • haemorrhage
  • carcinoma
  • short bowel syndrome (repeated resection)
21
Q

What are some extra intestinal manifestations of IBD?

Study These Flashcards
A
  1. Hepatic
    - fatty change and granulomas
    - PSC and bile duct carcinoma
  2. Osteo-articular
    - polyarthritis
    - sacro-ileitis & ankylosing spondylitis
  3. Muco-cutaenous
    - oral ulcers
    - pyoderma gangrenosum & erythema nodosum
  4. Ocular
    - uveitis and retinitis
  5. Systemic
    - amyloidosis
    - thrombo-embolic disease
22
Q

What are the risk factors of ColoRectal Cancer in UC?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • early age of onset
  • duration of disease > 10 years
  • total or extensive colitis
  • PSC
  • family history of CRC
  • severity of inflammation
  • presence of dysplasia
23
Q

Explain the development of UC to colorectal cancer?

Study These Flashcards
A
  1. inflammed mucosa
  2. low grade dysplasia
  3. high grade dysplasia
  4. colorectal cancer
24
Q

What is ischaemic colitis?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • colonic injury secondary to a acute, intermittent or chronic reduction in flow
  • may be occlusive or non-occlusive
25
What are the 3 clinical forms of ischaemic colitis?
1. Transient - acute onset cramping abdominal pains; urge to defaecate; bloody diarrhoea 2. Chronic segmental ulcerating (ischaemic stricture) 3. Acute fulminant and gangrenous
26
What are the 3 causes of mesenteric ischaemia?
1. Arterial embolism 2. Arterial thrombosis 3. Non-occlusive mesenteric ischaemia
27
What is a colorectal polyp?
- a 'mucosal protrusion' - solitary or multiple (polyposis) - pedunculated, sessile or "flat"
28
How are colorectal polyps classified?
- neoplastic - hamartomatous - inflammatory - reactive
29
What are the commonest non-neoplastic polyp in the colo-rectum?
hyperplastic polyps
30
Where are hyperplastic polyps located?
in the rectum and the sigmoid colon
31
Why is a small, distal hyperplastic polyp safer than a large hyperplastic polyp?
-small, distal HPs have no malignant potential
32
What are the two types of hamartomatous polyps?
1. Juvenile polyps | 2. Peutz-Jeghers poylps
33
What is the classical appearance of a juvenile polyp?
-often spherical and pedunculated
34
What is the most common type of polyp in children?
juvenile polyp
35
Where do juvenile polyps typically occur?
rectum and distal colon
36
Do juvenile polyps have malignant potential?
- sporadic polyps do not have malignant potential | - juvenile polyps associated with increased risk of gastric and colorectal cancer
37
What is Peutz-Jeghers syndrome?
- autosomal dominant condition - mutation in STK11 gene on chromosome 19 - very rare
38
How does Peutz-Jeghers syndrome present?
- in teens/20s - with abdo pain, GI bleeding, anaemia, increased risk of cancer - multiple GIT polyps (predominanatly small bowel) - muco-cutaneous pigmentation
39
Which benign epithelial tumour a precursor of colorectal cancer in at least 80% of cases?
adenomas
40
What features of an adenoma are associated with a higher risk of malignant change?
- "flat" adenomas - >size - villous and tubule-villous - severe (high grade) dysplasia - lynch syndrome associated adenomas
41
What are the risk factors for colorectal cancer?
- diet - dietary fibre, fat, red meat, folate, calcium - obesity - alcohol - NSAIDs & aspirin - HRT and oral contraceptives - schistosomiasis - pelvic radiation - UC and Crohn's
42
What is FAP?
- autosomal domianant familial adenotomatous polyposis | - associated with multiple benign adenomatous polyps in the colon
43
FAP is due to a mutation in which gene?
APC tumour suppressor gene
44
What is Lynch syndrome?
- autosomal dominant - 60% lifetime risk of small bowel cancer - due to mutations in DNA mismatch repair genes - increased risk of endometrial, ovarian, gastric, small bowel, urinary tract and biliary tract cancer
45
Where do 2/3rds of colorectal cancers occur?
left colon between splenic flexure and rectum
46
what type of tumour are 95% of colorectal cancers?
adenocarcinoma (glandular/ producing mucin)
47
What are the 4 stages of Dukes staging of colorectal cancer?
Stage A: adenocarcinoma confined to the bowel wall with no lymph node metastasis Stage B: adenocarcinoma invading through the bowel wall with no lymph node metastasis Stage C: adenocarcinoma with regional lymph node metastasis regardless of depth of invasion Stage D: distant mets present

Clinical Pathology (57 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions