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Russia Edexcel History A Level > Theme 5 (fall) > Flashcards

Theme 5 (fall) Flashcards

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1
Q

when did Gorbachev become general secretary

A

March 1985

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2
Q

Twenty-Seventh party congress

A

February 1986

Gorbachev attacks Brezhnev era as years of stagnation

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3
Q

when was the Chernobyl nuclear incident

A

April 1986

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4
Q

twelfth five year plan launched

A

1986

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5
Q

when were the laws on state enterprises enacted

A

June 1987

Devolves power of factories to the managers. Allowed to set the prices for the goods they produced

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6
Q

Reason Yeltsin is dismissed as first secretary in Mocscow (November 1987) and then removed from central committee (February 1988)

A

October 1987 -> Yeltsin attacks Gorbachev’s reforms at a meeting of the Central Committee

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7
Q

when was Yeltsin dismissed as first secretary in Moscow

A

November 1987

slagged of Gorbachev 1 month before

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8
Q

law on co-operatives

A

May 1988

legal to set up large co-operatives that functioned like private companies

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9
Q

When was Yeltsin removed from the Politburo

A

February 1988

slagged of Gorbachev in October 1987

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10
Q

when was the nineteenth party congress?

A

June 1988

Principle of multi-candidate elections agreed –> Congress of People’s deputies March 1989

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11
Q

when were popular fronts formed in the Baltic republics

A

October 1988

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12
Q

When did Armenia announce its control over Nagorno-Karabakh

A

November 1988

same month Estonia declares itself sovereign

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13
Q

when was the election to Congress of People’s deputies

A

March 1989

first multi candidate election since 1921

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14
Q

when was Gorbachev ‘elected’ Chairman of the Supreme Soviet

A

May 1989
Doesn’t mean much, little respect
given emergency powers for 18 months to try and deal with economic crisis

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15
Q

when was the 500 days Programme put in place?

A

August 1990

Called for rapid transition to a market economy

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16
Q

when was the fall of the Berlin Wall?

A

November 1989

symbolic end to Cold War

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17
Q

When was article 6 repealed

A

March 1990

opened the way for new political parties to be established (same month as multi party republic elections)

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18
Q

When did Lithuania declare independence from the USSR (illegal)

A

March 1990

After multi candidate republic elections

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19
Q

When did Yeltsin reign from the communist party?

A

July 1990

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20
Q

when did Georgia declare independence

A

April 1991

same month citizens allowed to buy and sell stocks/shares

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21
Q

when did Yeltsin become president of Russia

A

June 1991

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22
Q

when was the coup by the gang of 8

A

August 1991

19th - 22nd

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23
Q

when did the Soviet Union recognize the Baltic states as independent

A

August 1991

same month as coup by gang of 8

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24
Q

when did Yeltsin reject Gorbachev’s new Union Treaty

A

November 1991

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25
Q

when was the USSR formally cease to exist

A

31st December 1991

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26
Q

The Novosibirsk Report of 1983

aka “for internal use only”

A

by economic sociologist Tatyana Zaslavskaya
Drew attention to growing crisis in agriculture caused by state inefficiency and inflexibility
Most Politburo members ignored it, except Gorbachev who was aware that reform was needed

27
Q

Gorbachev removes opposition / purge

A

1985: removes Grigory Romanov (leading rival)
appoints Nikolai Ryzhkov (prime minister), Viktor Chebrikov (head of KGB), Boris Yeltsin (head of party in Moscow)
1986: Yeltsin and Yakelov promoted to central comittee

28
Q

alcohol spending in 1980s (stat)

A

alcohol accounted for 15% of a household’s spending

29
Q

Gorbachev quote on excessive alcohol use

A

April 1985 “we can’t build communism on vodka”(many turned up to work drunk)

30
Q

methods & goals of the 12th five year plan (1986-90)

A

methods: increased investment, controlled by central planning
goals: accelerate growth of economy, especially focusing on science and research (mainly engineering)

31
Q

weaknesses of the 12th five year plan

A
  • ‘acceleration’ paid for this by borrowing
  • out of date machinery / technology –> unproductive
  • focus remained on quantity over quality
32
Q

why didn’t Gorbachev’s policy of acceleration actually help the economy?

A

Didn’t address the fundamental problems that caused issues

Opposition to change from within the state and economic planning apparatus meant real change was hard to make

33
Q

law on individual economic activity

A

November 1986

Legal for individuals to make money on small scale jobs

34
Q

when did the supreme soviet introduce private property

A

January 1991

35
Q

USSR citizens allowed to buy and sell stocks & shares

A

April 1991

36
Q

government reveals scale of economic problems to the public for first time

A

1988

37
Q

statistics to show further economic decline in 1991

A

1990 - 1991
oil production fell 9%
tractor and steel production both fell 12%
government bankrupt by summer that year

38
Q

Yeltsin introduces programme of full marketisation

A

October 1991

neither Soviet or Republican governments had economic power to govern –> difficult to implement

39
Q

Gorbachev goals 1985

A
  • open up debate within party
  • allow intellectuals freedom of expression
  • allow public to have access to information
40
Q

when was Glasnost introduced

A

1986
policy of openness
information about economics and soviet history made available

41
Q

Gorbachev changes to media (more radical)

A

1986
appoints Alexandr Yakovklev for the responsible for Soviet media
he appointed radical editors

42
Q

soviet press publicise criticisms of Marx and Lenin for first time

A

1988

43
Q

when were citizens permitted to listen to foreign radio broadcasts and read foreign newspapers

A

1988

44
Q

first multi candidate election since 1921

A

march 1989
many high ranking officials defeated
Yeltsin wins 89% in Moscow
Lead to the reformation of Inter-Regional Deputies’ Group (IDRG) -> opposition group

45
Q

republic elections (multi group)

A

march 1990
Opposition group ‘Democratic Russia’ wins 85% in Moscow
Opposition group ‘Democratic Elections 90’ wins 80% in Leningrad

46
Q

riots in Kazakstan

A

December 1986
riots over replacing ethnic kazak Kunaev with Russian Kolbin as president of Kazakstan
(KKK. early because Gorbachev made changes early)

47
Q

ethnic clashes in Uzbekistan

A

1989
Uzbeks massacre Muslim minority
Soviet authorities unable to restore peace or negotiate compromise

48
Q

Tbilsi massacre

A

April 1989 (1 month after first multi candidate elections)
Georgian nationalists protest against rights of Abkhazian minority
Soviet troops attempt to restore order by force - 19 Georgian protestors killed, thousands more injured

49
Q

‘Sinatra Doctrine’

A

August 1989

Renounces USSR’s “right” to intervene in the affairs of other socialist countries

50
Q

Yeltsin insists laws of Russian parliament are legally superior to Soviet laws

A

May 1990

51
Q

Estonia declares itself sovereign (does not leave USSR)

A

November 1988

same month Armenia announced control over Nagorno-Karabakh

52
Q

invasion of Lithuania

A

Lithuania declared independence in March 1990.

January 1991 soviet troops invade Lithuania: occupy the press and television headquarters, 19 killed

53
Q

response to killings in Lithuania

A
  • Ukrainian miners in Donesk protest

- Yeltsin orders Russian army to refuse any soviet order that would suppress political protest

54
Q

‘Gang of 8’ coup

A

1991

18th - 21st August

55
Q

new treaty to create a more decentralised union

A

Suggested by Gorbachev in 1990
Complete draft ready July 1991
Meant to be signed August 1991 (caused coup)

56
Q

Yeltsin removed communist party in Russia

A

suspends it August 1991

bans it November 1991

57
Q

Ukraine leaves USSR

A

1st December 1991
90% Ukrainian population vote to leave
(2nd biggest state in USSR)

58
Q

Minsk agreement

A

signed 21st December 1991

Russia, Belarus, and Ukraine leave USSR and form the Commonwealth of Independent Sates (CIS)

59
Q

when did Gorbachev resign

A

25th December 1991

60
Q

military spending in 1985 in USSR vs USA

A

17% government spending on military

vs 6% for USA (Cold War)

61
Q

when was perestroika (openness) introduced

A

1985

62
Q

attempt to combat alcoholism

A

1985 - 86 cut alcohol production by 50%

GDP fell 9% as a result (start selling again in 1988)

63
Q

debt caused by borrowing in 12th 5 year plan

1986 - 1990

A

debt rose from $18 billion to $27 billion

Russia Edexcel History A Level (5 decks)

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