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Russia Edexcel History A Level > Theme 4 (social) > Flashcards

Theme 4 (social) Flashcards

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1
Q

when was the Russian civil war

A

1918-21

war communism same timespan

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2
Q

decree forcing unemployed people into any offered work

A

1918 (war communism)

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3
Q

launch of NEP

A

1921

announced at 10th party congress (ended war communism)

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4
Q

rise in unemployment under NEP (since NEP didnt stress full employment like war communism)

A

1926: 1 million unemployed

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5
Q

when did the soviet government announce full employment

A

1930

first government to do so in peacetime

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6
Q

rise in hired workers under industrialisation

A

1926: 11.6 million
1937: 27 million

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7
Q

when was unemployment benefit cancelled

A

1930 (since ‘full employment’ had been reached)

Trade unions left to pay for sick leave / injury compensation

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8
Q

low productivity of soviet factories (early Stalin)

A

1927: average soviet worker produced half what the average British worker did

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9
Q

work passport system introduced

A

1932

Harder for people to change jobs

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10
Q

failure of work passport system

A

1937: 30% workers still change jobs 4 times a year

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11
Q

guarantee of employment for all soviet workers

A

1936 constitution

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12
Q

absenteeism made a criminal offence

A

1939

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13
Q

rise in gulag population after the war

A

1945: 1.5 million
1953: 2.5 million
prisoners of war used extensively in the reconstruction period

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14
Q

increase in population of Moscow (early Stalin)

A

1929: 2.2 million
1936: 4.1 million

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15
Q

increase in population of Magnitogorsk (early Stalin)

A

1929: 25
1932: 250,000

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16
Q

statistics to show low quality of rented units under Stalin

A

1936
only 6% had more than 1 room
5% of people lived in a kitchen or corridor
25% of people lived in dormitories

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17
Q

housing shortage made worse by WW2

A

1942-43: Stalingrad lost 90% of its housing

1941-44: siege of Leningrad, Leningrad lost 1/3 of its housing

1945: 25 million left homeless

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18
Q

typhus outbreak (early bolshevik period)

A

1918-20
6 million died
spread by lice

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19
Q

rise in trained doctors under Stalin

A

1928: 70,000 (many had fled after revolution)
1940: 155,000

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20
Q

cholera epidemic

A

1921

successfully contained by compulsory vaccination

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21
Q

rise in real wages under Brezhnev

A

1967-77

real wages rose 50%

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22
Q

increase in consumption under Khrushchev

A

consumption per capita increased 3.8%

1956-64

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23
Q

when was the minimum wage introduced in USSR

A

1957

Khrushchev

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24
Q

growth of party membership (caused by nomenklatura system)

A

1953: 7 million
1980: 17 million

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25
Q

increase in state welfare spending 1950-80

A

increased fivefold

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26
Q

when did peasants receive a pension

A

only under the Brezhnev era

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27
Q

increase in annual amount if housing space produced under Khrushchev

A

1951: 178 million square metres
1961: 394 million square meters
(1951 - 61 housing space doubled)
Khrushchev slums, so not good quality

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28
Q

rise in farmers wages under Khrushchev + Brezhnev

A

by the 1970s, collective farmers wages only 10% lower than industrial workers

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29
Q

uprising in Hungary leads to soviet invasion

A

1956
Tanks
(same year as secret speech - Hungary for change)

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30
Q

serious protests in Czechoslovakia lead to soviet invasions

A

1968

Military

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31
Q

high divorce rates under Brezhnev

A

1979

34% marriages end in divorce

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32
Q

attempted assassination of Brezhnev

A

1969

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33
Q

alcoholism in the 80s

A

1982: average adult consumes 18 litres of spirits per year (2X 1970 figure)
1987: estimated 20 million alcoholics in USSR. High levels of domestic abuse

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34
Q

early decrees made with the intention of gender equality

A

1917

divorce made easier, abortion legalised, marital permission laws abolished, equal pay, maternity leave

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35
Q

what % of divorces initiated by men?

A

70%

often to leave pregnant women (unwanted babies)

36
Q

how many women fought in the Red Army (civil war)

A

70,000

37
Q

campaign for the unveiling of women

A

1927 (targeted Muslim areas, difficult)

Lead to ‘honour killings’ of the women involved by their families, government forced to take a softer approach 1930

38
Q

when did the party close down Zhenotdel

A

1930

claimed sexual equality had been achieved

39
Q

rise of women in the workforce (industrialisation)

A

1928: 3 million
1940: 13 million

40
Q

what % of university places were reserved for women

A

1929: government reserves 20% of higher education places for women (14% already women)
1940: 40% of those studying engineering were women

41
Q

production of tanks and aircrafts in WW2

A

94,000 aircrafts

73,000 tanks

42
Q

statistics to show low female involvement in the party

A

1932: 16% party members were women
1939: female delegates at party congress exceeds 10% for the first time

43
Q

when were women given the vote in Russia

A

1917

44
Q

1920s high abortion rates

A

Moscow 1920s

abortions outnumbered birthed 3:1

45
Q

when was Stalin’s great retreat

A

1936

  • divorce more expensive
  • abortion illegal
  • unregistered marriage not valid
  • man gays illegal
46
Q

increase in divorce price after great retreat

A

1935: 4 roubles
1937: 50 roubles

47
Q

increase in number of creche places (pre-great retreat)

A

creche places doubled 1928-30

48
Q

abortion legalised again (after great retreat)

A

1955

Khrushchev wanted to lessen financial strain on the family

49
Q

decline in population growth under Brezhnev

A

1982: population grew 0.8% per year. Average family has 2.4 children (vs 2.9 in 1959)

50
Q

reasons for not banning alcohol in 80’s (despite all the problems it made)

A

9% of GDP came from vodka sales

51
Q

statistics to show how education was underfunded in early bolshevik years

A

teachers poorly paid
1 teacher per 40 children
only 1 pencil per 60 students provided by Narkompros

52
Q

failures of early attempt to increase education

A

by 1926, the average child had just 2.77 years of education

53
Q

when were church schools taken over by the government

A

1918

54
Q

growth in number of children in education ( early Stalin)

A

1929: 14 million
1931: 20 million

55
Q

schools destroyed by ww2

A

82,000

56
Q

adult education under Khrushchev

A

1964: over 2 million adults attending Rabfaks

57
Q

illiteracy under the Tsar

A

65% population illiterate
14/17 illiterate are women
88% children do not finish primary school

58
Q

increase in literacy (Stalin - Khrushchev). urban and rural

A

1939: 94% and 86%
1959: 99% and 98%
(figures likely overstated but still a massive achievement)

59
Q

when were all schools required to offer vocational courses

A

under Khrushchev

1955-65

60
Q

Komsomol (Young Communist League) membership

A

1929: 2.3 million
1940: 10.2 million
1982: 40 million

61
Q

labour exchanges (job centres) set up

A

1918

War communism, any unemployed must take all work offered to them

62
Q

decrease in working hours

A

1957 Khrushchev decreases working hours

By 1960 working week 41 hours (vs 48 in 1956)

63
Q

regular wages implemented for collective farmers

A

1966

Brezhnev

64
Q

work passport system extended to rural population

A

1974

same year Brezhnev changes economic targets to focus on cost and profit rather than production

65
Q

gender discrimination after civil war

A

many men returning were better trained than those who worked during civil war.
70% of those fired were women

66
Q

labour shortages in first 5 year plan

A

1932 labour shortages

high targets + many new factories (building projects) caused labour shortage in 1932

67
Q

how did Stalin combat labour shortages (first 5 year plan)

A

1931: wage different depending on skill level
1932: work passport system
1934: piecework introduced (paid by amount you produce) –> not great work incentive as little to actually buy with this money

68
Q

living costs under Stalin

A

very low, most families spent less than 8% of income on rent.
Living conditions still poor (no space, electricity, hot water)

69
Q

social benefits provided by Trade Unions

A

2 weeks paid holiday, often cheap subsidised vacations to state resorts
sick pay given

70
Q

soviet healthcare

A 
widely available, not always high quality 
good sanitation (sanitary inspectors given the same status as doctors)
Not free, but low subsidised costs
71
Q

literacy levels by 1980s

A

99%

caused by compulsory education for ages 7-15 (Stalin 1930)

72
Q

protests in Poland over food prices

A

1980

had to use martial law

73
Q

when was the family code

A

1918

gives women greater rights within marriage

74
Q

postcard divorces made legal

A

started in 1926 (revoked 1936 great retreat)

1926: 50% of marriages end in divorce
70% divorces initiated by men to leave unwanted children

75
Q

1944 extension on great retreat

A
  • tax on single people
  • divorce made more complex (must visit a councillor to try fix it)
  • ‘mother heroines’ for 10+ children
76
Q

first women to be a full member of the presidium (politburo)

A

Ekaterina Furtseva

1957

77
Q

family code places restrictions on divorce (Brezhnev)

A

1968

  • 1 month notice before a wedding can happen
  • divorce illegal if woman is pregnant or has given birth within the year
78
Q

the socially active woman

A

magazine targeted at the female social elite (1930s onwards)

79
Q

women who fought in WW2

A

80,000

most in medical but some as pilots, machine gunners, and tank crews

80
Q

first woman in space

A

Valentina Tereshkova, 1963

81
Q

new marriage law gives equal status for registered and unregistered marriages

A

1927

revoked 1936 great retreat

82
Q

‘double burden’ under Khrushchev

A

49% workforce women

Khrushchev traditional values stresses that women should still do all domestic work (double burden for working mums)

83
Q

statistics to show which fields were female dominated by 1985

A

70% of medical doctors were women
75% of university employees were women
65% of art and culture employees were women
pay in female dominated fields was lower

84
Q

statistic to show that women were only targeted for low paying jobs in late 50s/early 60s

A

August 1958
6400 women recruited
only 450 had well paid professional jobs

85
Q

statistics to show low status of women in agriculture in 70s/80s

A

1970: 72% of the Soviet union’s lowest-paid farmers were women
1980: only 2% of farm managers were women

Russia Edexcel History A Level (5 decks)

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