the vocal source - final exam Flashcards
what is the source of sound for vowels & voiced consonants
vocal fold vibration in the larynx
harmonics
integer multiples of the fundamental freq
how to calculate harmonics from fund freq
multiple fun freq by number of harmonic
find fund freq by dividing harmonic’s freq by its number
300Hz / 3rd harmonic = 100Hz
what is voice quality
characteristics of the voice
breathiness
more open glottis
creakiness
irregular vocal fold vibration
quantal theory
languages want sounds in stable areas
quantal areas
areas where changes in articulation don’t produce large acoustic changes
don’t have to be as precise
what is the sound source for fricatives
turbulence
created by air passing through a narrow constriction in the vocal tract
creates a chaotic movement of air vs laminar
source of stops
blocking vocal tract so no air can escape
building up pressure at the closure
opening the closure to release the airflow
releasing airflow causes sudden impulse/burst which is audible
source for voiceless stops
during shutting stage: voicing from previous vowel or nothing
during closure: nothing
during release: pressure impulse + aspiration noise
source for voiced stops
during shutting stage: voicing from previous vowel or nothing
during closure: voicing
during release: pressure impulse + aspiration noise + voicing
harmonics in a power spectrum
fund freq is the first one (usually)
harmonics are all the integer multiples
how to distinguish voiced & voiceless sounds in a spectrogram
voicing bar before sound
fricative tube model
narrow constriction before front cavity
stop tube model
nasals tube model
backwards F shaped (pharynx branching into mouth (dead end) & then nose)
or T shaped:
mouth = open open
pharynx = open closed
side branch in between open closed
closed closed tube w/ a branch to nose
where are vowels in a spectrogram
formants
dark horizontal bands of energy
the space between the formants
fricatives in a spectrogram
looks like noise or static
different average freqs (higher = darker on the top)
very light white bands
stops in a spectrogram
gap of silence before a burst
voiced has a small “voicing bar” in the gap
channel turbulence
produced when airflow escapes from a narrow channel & hits outside air
obstacle turbulence
produced when airflow hits an obstacle in its path (eg - teeth)
more turbulence which = more loudness
sibilants
like s & sh
perpendicular obstacle (teeth)
louder
parallel obstacles
produce less turbulence
not as loud
f & v –> airflow hits upper lip