the vocal filter - final exam Flashcards
resonant frequencies
freqs at which the vocal tract naturally amplifies sounds waves
formants
specific resonant freqs of the vocal tract that shape the acoustic properties of vowels & other speech sounds
what happens when a compression wave reflects on the closed end of a tube
it is reflected back as a compression wave
what happens when a compression wave relflects off the open end of a tube
it is reflected back as a rarefaction wave
standing waves
sound waves in a tube interacting & combining w/ incoming waves
forms consistent peaks & valleys
single tube model
models the vocal tract as a single tube
ideal for understanding basic vowel production
multi tube model
represents the vocal tract as a series of connected tubes
entire length is fixed but can adjust each section
(front gets longer –> back gets shorter)
helmholtz resonator
model of sound resonance in a cavity w/ a narrow opening (like vocal tract)
crucial in shaping low freq sounds
glass bottle shape - large closed back cavity
small closed open front cavity
fricatives filter
front cavity of the vocal tract (in front of constriction)
resonance determined only by length of the front tube
what determines where the constriction is for fricatives
place of articulation
farther forward = shorter front cavity = higher freq
voice bar
low freq energy on the spectrogram
on the bottom
filter for stops
depends on the stage
front cavity filters the stop burst
whole vocal tract filters voicing source during transitions
where are the auditory cues to stop identity
formant transitions to vowels
nasals filter
tubes that branch
velum lowered, opening the pathway from pharynx to nasal passages
air can flow from lungs out through nostrils
nasal consonants filter
oral cavity closed off completely
no air escapes mouth
nasal vowels filter
both mouth & nasal cavities open
air escapes both
anti-resonances in nasals
oral cavity is open on one end (pharynx) –> has it’s own resonances
act diff because branch not open to outside air
bounce bath & forth inside & get louder but then get absorbed & cancel out frequencies in the output
reduce amplitude of all higher formants
show up in the spectrum as valleys
anti formant formula
c/4L
F2 = 3c/4L (odd numbers)
anti formants on spectrogram
lighter band
n has higher anti formants than m because oral cavity tube is shorter
constriction at lips rather than alveolar ridge
what can act as cues of place of articulation for nasal consonants
anti formants
weak cues
closed tube formula
nc/2L
closed open tube formula
(2n-1)c/4L
why not give sopranos lyrics
higher freqs = less space between freqs = harder to determine peaks = hard to distinguish formants
w/out formants, can’t even tell what vowel they are saying
very unintelligible
