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WSET RECAP MARGHA > The Vine and Growing Environment > Flashcards

The Vine and Growing Environment Flashcards

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1
Q

benefits of grafting

A
  1. american rootstock protects against phylloxera
  2. rootstocks are resistant to nematodes, drought and alkaline soils
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2
Q

what is head grafting and why is it used

A

head grafting = vine’s head cut off the trunk and the cutting of a new variety is grafted on the trunk
why = switch out varieties instead of uprooting and replanting and anti-phylloxera
produces the fruit after 1 year

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3
Q

what is cross-fertilization and why is it useful

A

when one takes the pollen from the male part of the flower of a vine and fertilizes the female flower of a different vine and create a new grape variety.
why =
1. create a disease resistant variety
2. adopt new grape to climate extremes/drought
3. increase quality/yields

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4
Q

explain grafting and its goal

A

procedure used to fuse bud wood of a desired variety onto another rootstock. goal = phylloxera resistant vine

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5
Q

2 different ways of propagating a vine

A
  • layering
  • cutting
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6
Q

what is layering

A

when the vine’s 1yo cane is bent into the ground and partially buried with the tip of the cane poking out. buried part grows roots.
–> done in the vineyard

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7
Q

what is cutting

A

when a section of a shoot is cut off from an existing vine and planted to grow a brand new plant
–> done in the nursery

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8
Q

what is clonal selection

A

when a vine naturally mutates and its new positive characteristics are propagated by cutting/layering

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9
Q

places in the world that are free of phylloxera

A

Chile, South Australia, Argentina

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10
Q

crossing of Cab Sauvignon

A

Cabernet Franc X Sauvignon Blanc

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11
Q

Crossing of Muller Thurgau

A

Riesling x Madeleine Royale

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12
Q

Crossing of Pinotage

A

Pinot Noir x Cinsault

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13
Q

difference between crossings and hybrids

A

crossings: new varieties by crossing parents of the same species
hybrids: at least 2 different vine species

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14
Q

4 main parts of a vine

A
  • roots
  • permanent wood
  • 1 yo wood
  • green parts
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15
Q

what is the importance of a vine’s leaves

A

via photosynthesis they use sunshine to convert water and CO2 in glucose and oxygen

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16
Q

what is earthing up

A

when there are very low temperatures, it is important to cover the graft of the vine

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17
Q

what are continentality and diurnal range

A

variation between summer and winter in temperature and day-night time

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18
Q

what do cool nights provide to the grapes

A

slow loss of aromas
high acidity during ripening

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19
Q

what do warm nights provide to the grapes

A

accelerate ripening

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20
Q

characteristics of the mediterranean climate and where

A
  • low temp difference between hot&cold months
  • summer warm & dry
  • in South Rhône, South France, Greece, Italy and Spain
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21
Q

characteristics of the maritime climate and where

A
  • cool moderate temp
  • low annual difference between hot and cold months
  • rainfall evenly spread
  • Bordeaux, Nantais, Portugal and NZ
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22
Q

characteristics of the continental climate and where

A
  • big difference in temp between hot and cold months
  • short summers with large temp drop in autumn
  • Burgundy, Alsace, Northern Rhône, Germany, Austria, Canada
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23
Q

what are the 5 elements that a vine needs

A
  1. heat
  2. sunlight
  3. CO2
  4. water
  5. nutrients
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24
Q

what is powdery mildew

A
  • in hot/shady/humid environments
  • grey/white powdery coating
  • solution: sulfur based spray
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25
Q

what is downy mildew

A
  • in warm/wet/humid environments
  • yellow spots on the upper side of the leaf and furry grey patches on the underside.
  • solution: copper based spray (=bordeaux mixture)
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26
Q

what are the 2 main types of vine training

A
  1. head training
  2. cordon training
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27
Q

describe cordon training and how is it pruned

A

trunk with usually 1-2 permanent arms/cordons
- usually spur-pruned
- easier to harvest mechanically

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28
Q

define pruning and when are vines pruned

A

remove unwanted leaves and permanent wood
- winter and summer

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29
Q

purposes of summer pruning

A
  1. control canopy
  2. force sugar production in the grape
  3. give the grapes favourable sun exposure via leaf stripping
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30
Q

what is spur pruning

A

short sections of 1yo wood that have been cut down to only 2-3 buds.
- distributed along the permanent wood or around the top of the trunk

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31
Q

what is replacement cane pruning

A

only 1-2 canes are retained and each cane is tied horizontally to the trellis for support
- guyot training

32
Q

describe head training and how is it pruned

A

usually just a trunk (not a lot of permanent wood)
- spur pruned or replacement cane pruned
- bush vines –> head trained, spur pruned
- guyot vines –> head trained –> cane pruned

33
Q

what are the functions of a vine’s roots

A
  1. absorb water + nutrients
  2. anchor the vine
  3. store carbs over winter to keep plant alive
34
Q

what are the reproductive organs of a vine

A

flowers

35
Q

what is inflorescence

A

cluster of flowers

36
Q

purposes of winter pruning

A
  • choose the number + location of buds that will form shoots in the growing season
  • ensure buds are not too close to eachother
37
Q

3 reasons to use a trellising system instead of bush vines

A
  1. control amount of sunlight
  2. improve air circulation
  3. improve mechanical harvesting and distribution of sprays
38
Q

2 examples of head trained vines

A
  • guyot
  • bush
39
Q

synonim of a bush vine

A

“Gobelet” –> untrellised

40
Q

what is the most widely used trellising system

A

VSP –> vertical shoot positioning

41
Q

describe VSP and why

A

shoots are positioned in an upwards direction attached to trellis wires –> narrow canopy
- allows good air circulation and grapes are exposed to direct sunlight

42
Q

what pruning can VSP be used with

A
  • cane
  • spur
43
Q

for viticulture it is more desirable a fertile or barely fertile soil

A

barely fertile –> stressed vines make good wine

44
Q

what does yield measure

A

quantity of grapes produced in weight or volume

45
Q

what is veraison

A

onset of ripening and when grapes change colour

46
Q

what happens to grapes during berry ripening

A
  1. sugar increases
  2. acid decreases
  3. tannins develop and become less astringent
47
Q

what are nematodes and what damage do they cause

A

worms that attack a vine’s roots –> leave open wounds that interfere with water and nutrient uptake

48
Q

what are the treatments or cures for bacterial diseases

A

NONE –> only solution is uprooting and sanitize land

49
Q

top three most important nutrients for vines

A
  1. nitrogen
  2. phosphorus
  3. potassium
50
Q

what is chlorosis

A

nutrient deficiency in the soil that affects the vine’s ability to photosynthesize

51
Q

when does budburst happen in each hemisphere

A
  1. north hemisphere: march- april
  2. southern hemisphere: sept-october
52
Q

during what months does flowering occur in north/south hemisphere

A

north: may/june
south: november/december

53
Q

what is the optimal weather during flowering

A

warm temp, plenty of sunshine and little/no rain

54
Q

frost is most dangerous in which phase of the vine’s annual cycle

A

during budburst.

55
Q

what is couloure

A

when a flower doesn’t turn into a berry

56
Q

what is millerandage

A

poor or irregular fruit set due to cold, rainy conditions during pollination

57
Q

what effect can drought have on a vine

A

water stress

58
Q

3 most important irrigation systems

A
  1. drip irrigation
  2. sprinklers
  3. flood irrigation
59
Q

which soil has the highest water retention

A

clay

60
Q

how many years after planting a new vineyard wines will produce a usable crop

A

3rd year after planting

61
Q

list a vine’s annual cycle

A
  1. budburst
  2. first shoot/leaf growth
  3. flowering
  4. fruit set
  5. véraison
  6. ripening
  7. harvest
  8. dormancy
62
Q

what is the effect of the gulf stream in europe

A

adds a warming effect to the climates of north and west europe

63
Q

what is the cold ocean current that affects south africa

A

Benguela current

64
Q

name the cold ocean current that affects chile

A

humboldt current

65
Q

two things that can reduce diurnal range

A
  • proximity to body of water
  • cloud cover
66
Q

how does cloud cover affect a vineyard

A
  • slow flowering and fruit set
  • stop grapes from fully ripen
67
Q

what temp can vines be damaged/killed by a deep winter freeze

A

-20°C

68
Q

4 protections against frost

A
  1. heaters
  2. fans
  3. sprinklers
  4. vineyard design
69
Q

growing season months in north/south hem

A

north: april-october
south: october-april

70
Q

cool climate temperature

A

16.5°C and below

71
Q

moderate climate temperatue

A

16.5°C-18.5°C

72
Q

warm climate temperature

A

18.5°C-21°C

73
Q

hot climate temperature

A

21°C+

74
Q

what do vines use to fuel growth and ripen grapes

A
  • glucose
  • nutrients from the soil
75
Q
A

WSET RECAP MARGHA (24 decks)

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