The Use of Vaccination to Maintain Animal Health Flashcards
What’s the aim of vaccination?
- to protect the vaccinated animal from suffering the effects of infectious disease
- to help prevent the spread of infectious disease
What is acquired immunity?
recognises and responds to pathogens, post infection produced specific cells/antibodies. Slower reaction than innate but memory cells formed - meaning quicker reaction if same infection again
What is innate immunity?
Pre existing - enzymes eat already in the system destroy bacteria. Rapidly activated - phagocytosis by macrophages etc
What is cellular immunity?
No antibodies, cells that organise immune cell functions etc T cells and B cells
What is humoral immunity?
cells manufacturing antibodies
What is passive immunity?
Ready made antibodies e.g. giving antitoxins/antisera with concentrated antibodies in them. Does not give long term protection.
What is active immunity?
Immunity developed within the organism. Lots of vaccines stimulate immune system. Causes ‘immunological memory stimulated by exposure’, so if the animal is exposed to those infections again the immune system can out a response more quickly
Which vaccines contain live organism that have been modified when cultured?
Attenuated (modified, live) vaccines
What vaccines contain inactivated/killed organisms?
Inactivated (killed) vaccines
When an animals has a reaction to a vaccine what is it that it normally reacts to?
the adjuvant - the chemical that carries the pathogen
Whats the difference between subunit, recombinant and vector vaccines?
Subunit - small fragment/fragments of pathogens
Recombinant - subunit vaccine that is genetically engineered
vector - Subunits added to different non-pathogenic live virus e.g. canarypox virus + FelV antigens
What are the routes of administration for vaccines?
subcut - most common
nasal drops - e.g kennel cough - localised immunity stimulated
oral route - not in UK
How should vaccines be stored?
- refrigerated at 2 - 4 degrees
- warmth will kill live vaccines
- stock must be rotated- shortest expiry first
Who is responsible for vaccination certificates?
veterinary surgeons
What reasons might cause a vaccination to fail?
- exposure to disease shortly after vacc
- already incubating disease
- vacc passed expiry date/stored incorrectly/incorrectly administered
- on drugs that interfere with vacc
- poor immune system
- booster not kept UTD
- timing of primary course done incorrectly
What symptoms might be experienced with a vaccine reaction?
- swelling at injection site
- urticaria (rash skin condition)
- v+/d+
- depression
- ataxia
- shivering
- collapse
- abscess
What can be done if a reaction does occur?
- steroids can be given
- supportive tx if signs of shock
When is the first vaccine given?
8 weeks
when the maternally derived antibodies start to fall
When is the second vaccine given?
2- 4 weeks after first
so at 10 -12 weeks
How is canine distemper spread and what type of vaccine is it?
inhalation and live
How is infectious canine hepatitis spread?
inhalation/ingestion
How is canine parvovirus spread and what type of vaccine is it?
ingestion of faecally contaminated material and live
How is canine leptospirosis spread and what type of vaccine is it?
through MM and skin abrasions and inactivated bacterial
How is canine parainfluenza spread and what type of vaccine is it?
inhalation and live
How is feline panleucopenia spread and what type of vaccine is it?
body excretions and live attenuated
How is cat ‘flu’ spread?
saliva, ocular and nasal discharges
How is feline leukaemia spread and what type of vaccine is it?
saliva and inactivated
How is feline chlamydophila psittaci and what type of vaccine is it?
ocular secretions and inactivated
What are horses routinely vaccinated against?
equine influenza
tetanus
How many days apart must the 2 injections of the primary course be, according to the jockey club?
21 - 92 days apart
How many days from the last primary injection must the first booster be done, according to the jockey club?
150 - 215 days later
When can the following boosters be carried out, according to the jockey club?
within 365 days
How do FEI rules differ from the jockey club relating to equine boosters?
FEI requires the boosters following the 2nd injection to be done 365 days later whereas the jockey club requires the first boosters to be done within 150 - 215 days later then following boosters must be done within 365 days?
What is the schedule for the tetanus vaccinations?
primary course - 2 injections, 28 days apart
first booster - within 365 days of 2nd injection
following boosters - only need to be done 1-2years apart
What age are horses vaccinated against tetanus?
5 months of age
- if the mare wasn’t vaccinated during pregnancy, the mare and foal should be given tetanus antitoxin
What are rabbits vaccinated against?
myxomatosis and viral haemorrhagic disease
