Parturition Flashcards

1
Q

When can you perform abdominal palpation on a bitch?

A

1 month after mating

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2
Q

When can you perform an abdominal palpation on a queen?

A

21 - 30 days after mating

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3
Q

When can you use foetal heartbeats to diagnose pregnancy in a queen and bitch?

A

both in late pregnancy

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4
Q

What hormone do you use to diagnose pregnancy?

A

relaxin

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5
Q

When can you use x-ray to diagnose pregnancy in the bitch?

A

day 30 shows uterine enlargement

day 45 shows mineralisation of foetal skeleton

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6
Q

When can you use x-ray to diagnose pregnancy in the queen?

A

Day 30 shows uterine enlargement

Day 40 shows mineralisation of foetal skeleton

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7
Q

When can you use ultrasound to diagnose pregnancy in the bitch?

A

Day 28 can show the foetuses.. the heart beat can be seen

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8
Q

When can you use ultrasound to diagnose pregnancy in the queen?

A

Day 12 - conceptuses seen

day 14 - foetal tissue can be seen - same as the heart beat

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9
Q

What causes the release of oestrogen in late pregnancy?

A

by the release of glucocorticoids from the adrenal gland

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10
Q

What is the effect of the oestrogen?

A
  • assist in the production of contractile proteins

- may also be a signal for prostaglandin release from uterine wall

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11
Q

What is the function of prostaglandins?

A
  • increases power of the contractions of the uterus = foetus into pelvic cavity = oxytocin release
  • causes regression of corpus lute = lowering of progesterone levels
  • increases sensitivity of uterus to oxytocin
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12
Q

When is oxytocin released?

A

when progesterone falls

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13
Q

What is the function of oxytocin?

A

causes the contraction of smooth muscle in myometrium

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14
Q

What are the stages of parturition?

A

first stage - dilation stage
second stage - expulsion stage
third stage - placental stage

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15
Q

What is the sequence of the first stage of labour?

A
  • cervix dilates as the foetuses push on it
  • uterine contractions
  • waters break (choroallantois ruptures and releases allantoic fluid)
  • more oxytocin released = more contractions
  • uterus contracts, stimulates more contractions
  • more oxytocin
  • contractions spread from top to bottom to expel
  • cervix dilates more
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16
Q

What are the signs of stage 1 labour in the bitch and queen?

A
restlessness
panting/shivering
nest making
anorexia/vomiting
tachycardia/pnoea
decreased body temp
mammary discharge
dilation of the cervix
spongy vulva
(the queen will also seek isolation and you'll be able to palpate contractions)
17
Q

Whats the process of the second stage of labour?

A

increased uterine contractions
foetus born, head first through the vagina
once born the mother will stimulate creating and chew through the umbilical cord

18
Q

What are the signs of the second stage of labour in the bitch and queen?

A
forceful abdominal straining 
vocalisation/crying
amnion often seen
gives birth lying down
(the queen will remain standing until the last minute)
19
Q

Whats the process of the third stage of labour?

A

placenta passed
quick and easy
placenta comes away from the wall of the uterus
bleeding is controlled by rapid contraction of the muscles around the blood vessels

20
Q

What are the signs of the third stage of labour in the bitch and queen?

A
bitch
- green coloured vulval discharge 
- will eat the placentas and membranes
queen
- brown coloured vulval discharge
- will eat the placentas and membranes
21
Q

What is puerperium?

A

the period where the reproductive tract returns to normal

starts involution - may have vulval discharge for up to 6 weeks

22
Q

How is maternal behaviour stimulated?

A

olfaction and audition

  • hearing distress calls causes mother to build a nest
  • smelling the pups with increase licking but not nest building
23
Q

What hormones influence nest building?

A

progesterone before birth

prolactin after birth

24
Q

What hormone is responsible for maintaining maternal behaviour?

25
What are the possibilities of infertility?
- mating wrongly timed - mated in the wrong conditions - physiological abnormalities - anatomical abnormalities of the genital tract - foetal resorption - abortion - low fertility in the stud animal - infection of the urogenital tract - unwillingness accept the stud animal during mating - poor libido
26
Define eutocia
normal birth
27
Define dystocia
difficult birth
28
What is primary uterine inertia?
absence of uterine contractions and therefore the first stage of parturition. untreated and the foetus will die
29
What is secondary uterine inertia?
cessation of uterine contractions after they have started - possibly due to exhaustion
30
What could cause obstruction of the birth canal?
pelvic bone or soft tissue abnormalities | reproductive tract abnormalities
31
What can cause foetal dystocia?
oversize abnormalities malpresentation
32
How would you conduct post partum care?
clean bitch esp. perineum as more comfortable allow to urinate/defecate/exercise clean up soiled bedding offer food - very little as may vomit, make sure nutritional 5/6 small meals per day