Recognising Normal and Abnormal Presentations

Question 1

What is the normal TPR for a cat?

Answer 1

temp : 38.2 - 38.6
pulse: 100 - 200
resp: 20 - 30
crt:

Question 2

What is the normal TPR for a dog?

Answer 2

temp: 38.5
pulse: 70 - 140
resp: 10 - 30
crt:

Question 3

What is the normal TPR for a horse?

Answer 3

temp: 37.5 - 38.5
pulse: 30 - 40
resp: 12 - 20
crt:

Question 4

What is the normal TPR for a rabbit?

Answer 4

temp: 38.5 - 40
pulse: 130 - 325
resp: 30 - 60
crt:

Question 5

What can cause anorexia?

Answer 5

• mouth ulcers or pain
• nasal congestion esp in cats
• diseases
• pyrexia

Question 6

Define dysphagia?

Answer 6

difficulty with eating often the result of trauma

Question 7

What word do we use when animals eat unnatural foodstuffs?

Answer 7

pica

Question 8

What word is used for animals that eat faeces?

Answer 8

coprophagia

Question 9

What is a capricious appetite?

Answer 9

fussy/picky eater

Question 10

What is the normal urine output for dogs and cats?

Answer 10

1-2mls/kg/hr

Question 11

What is the normal urine output for horses?

Answer 11

24-48mls/kg/day

Question 12

What is the normal urine output for rabbits?

Answer 12

12 - 48mls/kg/day

Question 13

How can we measure water input and output?

Answer 13

• measure water drunk
• manually express bladder
• follow and catch urine/ use litter

Question 14

What word is used to describe increased urine production?

Answer 14

polyuria

Question 15

Define polydipsia

Answer 15

increased thirst

Question 16

What is oliguria?

Answer 16

oliguria is when urine output is less that 0.5mls/kg/hr

Question 17

What word is used describe inability to pass urine?

Answer 17

Anuria

Question 18

Define dysuria

Answer 18

difficulty passing urine

Question 19

What can cause dysuria?

Answer 19

obstruction, calculi, prostatic enlargement, trauma to the urinary tract

Question 20

define haematuria

Answer 20

blood in the urine

Question 21

What can cause haematuria?

Answer 21

trama, neoplasia, urinary calculi, infection

Question 22

What can cause constipation?

Answer 22

FB, dehydration, fractures, lack of exercise, diet, tumour, age

Question 23

What are the signs of constipation?

Answer 23

no faeces produced or small/hard lump only
pain/discomfort
straining
full colon

Question 24

Define diarrhoea?

Answer 24

frequent evacuation of watery faeces from the bowel

Question 25

What are causes for diarrhoea?

Answer 25

``` infectious viruses bacterial infections tumours intussusception bitch ingestion of placentas endoparasites unsuitable diets malabsorption enteritis pancreatic insufficiency colitis ```

Question 26

What are the signs of diarrhoea?

Answer 26

``` soft/watery faeces abdominal discomfort sore anus dehydration straining passing blood - haemorrhagic D+ ```

Question 27

Define vomiting

Answer 27

the emission of stomach contents from the mouth. is a forceful action resulting from the contraction of the abdominal muscles

Question 28

What are the causes of vomiting?

Answer 28

``` Post GA gastritis FB/obstruction diseases pyometra endoparasites viruses bacterial infections tumours gastric torsion hair balls ```

Question 29

Define projectile vomiting

Answer 29

forceful vomiting of stomach contents, usually without retching

Question 30

Define haematemesis

Answer 30

vomiting blood

Question 31

Define cholemesis

Answer 31

Vomiting bile

Question 32

Define cyclic vomiting

Answer 32

Recurring acts of vomiting

Question 33

Define stercoraceous vomiting

Answer 33

Vomiting faecal matter

Question 34

Define retching

Answer 34

the ineffectual attempt to vomit

Question 35

Define regurgitation

Answer 35

the passive flow of food through the mouth

Question 36

What are the causes for nasal discharge?

Answer 36

cat flu FB hayfever

Question 37

What are the causes for aural discharge?

Answer 37

FB infection otitis burst TM

Question 38

What are the causes for occular discharge?

Answer 38

Ulcers/ scratches allergies FB ruptured eye

Question 39

What are the causes for vaginal discharge?

Answer 39

- bloody = pro oestrus - straw coloured = oestrus - dark green/brown = originates from placenta post whelping - purulent (containing puss) = pyometra

Question 40

What are some abnormal presentations of the mouth/teeth?

Answer 40

``` bleeding ulceration stomatitis halitosis GR injury malocclusion improper tooth growth tartar lesions on the tooth gingivitis ```

Question 41

What are abnormal presentations of MM?

Answer 41

``` red yellow blue pale bleeding ```

Question 42

What are abnormal presentations of the skin/coat?

Answer 42

``` alopecia parasites dull erected coat self trauma ```

Question 43

What are the causes of coughing?

Answer 43

``` bacterial infections viral infections congestive heart failure roundworm kennel cough infections bronchitis post endotracheal tube/ laryngeal paralysis asphyxia malformations trauma worm infestions ```

Question 44

What are the signs of restlessness?

Answer 44

``` panting whining pacing scratching at bedding barking unable to settle ```

Question 45

What are the signs of pain?

Answer 45

``` panting vocalisation restlessness unusual posture/gait aggression praying position - dogs increased TPR self mutalation horses - colic and throw themselves around ```