Recognising Normal and Abnormal Presentations Flashcards
What is the normal TPR for a cat?
temp : 38.2 - 38.6
pulse: 100 - 200
resp: 20 - 30
crt:
What is the normal TPR for a dog?
temp: 38.5
pulse: 70 - 140
resp: 10 - 30
crt:
What is the normal TPR for a horse?
temp: 37.5 - 38.5
pulse: 30 - 40
resp: 12 - 20
crt:
What is the normal TPR for a rabbit?
temp: 38.5 - 40
pulse: 130 - 325
resp: 30 - 60
crt:
What can cause anorexia?
- mouth ulcers or pain
- nasal congestion esp in cats
- diseases
- pyrexia
Define dysphagia?
difficulty with eating often the result of trauma
What word do we use when animals eat unnatural foodstuffs?
pica
What word is used for animals that eat faeces?
coprophagia
What is a capricious appetite?
fussy/picky eater
What is the normal urine output for dogs and cats?
1-2mls/kg/hr
What is the normal urine output for horses?
24-48mls/kg/day
What is the normal urine output for rabbits?
12 - 48mls/kg/day
How can we measure water input and output?
- measure water drunk
- manually express bladder
- follow and catch urine/ use litter
What word is used to describe increased urine production?
polyuria
Define polydipsia
increased thirst
What is oliguria?
oliguria is when urine output is less that 0.5mls/kg/hr
What word is used describe inability to pass urine?
Anuria
Define dysuria
difficulty passing urine
What can cause dysuria?
obstruction, calculi, prostatic enlargement, trauma to the urinary tract
define haematuria
blood in the urine
What can cause haematuria?
trama, neoplasia, urinary calculi, infection
What can cause constipation?
FB, dehydration, fractures, lack of exercise, diet, tumour, age
What are the signs of constipation?
no faeces produced or small/hard lump only
pain/discomfort
straining
full colon
Define diarrhoea?
frequent evacuation of watery faeces from the bowel
What are causes for diarrhoea?
infectious viruses bacterial infections tumours intussusception bitch ingestion of placentas endoparasites unsuitable diets malabsorption enteritis pancreatic insufficiency colitis
What are the signs of diarrhoea?
soft/watery faeces abdominal discomfort sore anus dehydration straining passing blood - haemorrhagic D+
Define vomiting
the emission of stomach contents from the mouth. is a forceful action resulting from the contraction of the abdominal muscles
What are the causes of vomiting?
Post GA gastritis FB/obstruction diseases pyometra endoparasites viruses bacterial infections tumours gastric torsion hair balls
Define projectile vomiting
forceful vomiting of stomach contents, usually without retching
Define haematemesis
vomiting blood
Define cholemesis
Vomiting bile
Define cyclic vomiting
Recurring acts of vomiting
Define stercoraceous vomiting
Vomiting faecal matter
Define retching
the ineffectual attempt to vomit
Define regurgitation
the passive flow of food through the mouth
What are the causes for nasal discharge?
cat flu
FB
hayfever
What are the causes for aural discharge?
FB
infection
otitis
burst TM
What are the causes for occular discharge?
Ulcers/ scratches
allergies
FB
ruptured eye
What are the causes for vaginal discharge?
- bloody = pro oestrus
- straw coloured = oestrus
- dark green/brown = originates from placenta post whelping
- purulent (containing puss) = pyometra
What are some abnormal presentations of the mouth/teeth?
bleeding ulceration stomatitis halitosis GR injury malocclusion improper tooth growth tartar lesions on the tooth gingivitis
What are abnormal presentations of MM?
red yellow blue pale bleeding
What are abnormal presentations of the skin/coat?
alopecia parasites dull erected coat self trauma
What are the causes of coughing?
bacterial infections viral infections congestive heart failure roundworm kennel cough infections bronchitis post endotracheal tube/ laryngeal paralysis asphyxia malformations trauma worm infestions
What are the signs of restlessness?
panting whining pacing scratching at bedding barking unable to settle
What are the signs of pain?
panting vocalisation restlessness unusual posture/gait aggression praying position - dogs increased TPR self mutalation horses - colic and throw themselves around
