The Urinary System Flashcards
what are the four organs of the urinary system
Kidneys, Bladder, Ureters, Urethra
what are the kidneys
bean shaped, fist sized organ where urine is formed
what are the ureters
small, muscular tubes that carry urine form the kidneys to the bladder
what is the bladder
expandable organ that stores urine until it is expelled from the body
what are the functions of the urinary system
excretion of metabolic wastes
maintenance of water-salt balance
maintenance of acid-base balance
hormone secretion
what hormones are secreted from the urinary system
renin and erythropoietin
what are the main functions of the kidneys
produces urine,
conserves water
regulates pH
stimulates production of red blood cells
transforms vitamin D into active form
what are the functions of the ureter
transports urine from kidneys to bladder
what is the function of the urinary bladder
stores urine
what is the function of the urethra
transports urine from urinary bladder to outside the body
what are the secondary organs and body parts that function in the urinary system
heart, diaphragm, adrenal gland, renewal artery, renal vein, inferior vena cava, aorta
what is urea made from
the breakdown of amino acids
where are amino acids broken down
the liver
what does ammonia and carbon dioxide make
urea and water
what is the chemical reaction that makes urea
2NH3 + CO2 = N2H4CO + H2O
what is uric acid made by
the breakdown of nucleotides
what causes gout
crystallized uric acid in joints
what appears to be the function of crystallized uric acid
to serve as an antioxidant
what is creatinine made by
from the breakdown of creatine phosphate
what type of cells breakdown creatinine
muscle cells
what is the purpose of creatinine
acts as a fast twitch muscle energy source
what makes up the nephrons
Glomerular capsule
Glomerular capillaries at start of nephron
Afferent (incoming) arteriole
Efferent (outgoing) arteriole
Distal convoluted tubule
what are the nephrons
the filters of the kidney
what occurs in the glomerularlus
filtration of nitrogenous wastes and fluids
what occurs in the PCT
reabsorption of useful material, and secretion of ions, water, and sugars
what occurs in the D-Loop
reabsorption of H20
what occurs in A-Loop
reabsorption of salts
what compound gets reabsorbed in the A-Loop
NaCl
what four things occurs in the kidneys
glomerularus filtration, PCT, the D-Loop, and the A-Loop
what is the glomerulus
a knot of capillaries inside the glomerular capsule where pores produce a blood filtrate
what is the glomerular capsule called
bowman’s capsule
what is connected in the glomerulus
the capsule epithelium and the capillary endothelium
what is the proximal convoluted tubule
epithelial layer with a brush border of microvilli to allow reabsorption of filtrate components in the tubule lumen
what is the Loop of Henle
U shaped structure that has a descending limb that allows osmosis and an ascending limb that pushes out NaCl
what is the distal convoluted tubule
made of epithelial cells rich in mitochondria to supply energy used in the movement of molecules from the blood to the tubule
what is tubular secretion
the movement of molecules from the blood to the tubule
what are the functions of the collecting ducts
they serve to carry urine to the renal pelvis
what is the function of specialized epithelial tissues
the maximize surface area
what is the surface area of nephrons
18m squared
what is the surface area of the long intestine
75m squared
what is the surface area of the small intestine
300m squared
what the three main functions of the nephron
glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, tubular secretion
what occurs to form glomerular filtrate
water ions, amino acids, glucose, nitrogen containing wastes, and other small molecules move from the glomerulus to the inside of the glomerular capsule
what is moved during tubular reabsorption
water, essential ions, and nutrients are reabsorbed from the proximal convoluted tubule into the surrounding capillaries
what secretes ions during tubular reabsorption
renal tubule, and collecting duct
what is secreted into the distal during tubular secretion
wastes, excess ions, and drugs
how are wastes, excess ions, and drugs moved into the distal
active transport
what are the three steps of urine formation
Glomerular filtration
Tubular reabsorption
Tubular secretion
what is the filtrate that enters the nephron similar too?
plasma
what drives the filtration at the glomerulus
blood pressure
what type of molecules are moved from the glomerulus to the glomerular capsule
water and small molecules
what type of molecules are not moved during glomerular filtration
plasma proteins and formed elements
what type of molecules/ions are reabsorbed from the nephron
NaCl, Glucose, and amino acids
how do molecules move in tubular reabsorption
via specific carrier or channel proteins in the cell membranes
what is moved during tubular secretion
drugs, NH4, and creatine
what form of transport moves drugs in tubular secretion
active transport
what is the functions of the renal corpuscle
filters the bloods, removes water, glucose, amino acids, ions, nitrogen-containing wastes, and other small molecules
what is the function of the proximal convoluted tubule
reabsorbs water, glucose, amino acids, some urea, Na, Cl, and HCO3, and secretes drugs like H and NH4
what is the function of the loop of nephron
reabsorbs water, Na, Cl, and K
what are the functions of the distal convoluted tubule
reabsorbs water, Na, Cl, and HCO3, and secrets drugs like, H, K and NH4
why does water not re-enter the ascending limb
because there are no water channels to allow easy passage across cell membrane
what are water channels called
aquaporins
what type of feedback is used in osmoregulation
negative feedback
how does water salt balance help to maintain blood pressure
water contributes to blood volume which affects blood pressure
TRUE or FALSE: water follows the solute
TRUE, it follows the solute through osmosis
how does a kidney increase blood pressure
renin is released, followed by angiotensin, and aldosterone, and then K/NA pump opens, which increases blood pressure
how does a kidney decrease blood pressure
atrial natriuretic factor is released, followed by renin, angiotensin, and aldosterone, and then K/NA pump opens, which deccreases blood pressure
how does a kidney combat dehydration
antidiuretic hormone is released, aquaporins are opened, leading to rehydrations
what is osmoregulation
the maintenance of constant blood pressure and constant blood osmolarity
what is blood osmolarity
solute concentration in blood
what would low blood pressure trigger
reabsorption of salt and water from the nephrons
what activates angiotensin hormone
renin
what does angiotensin trigger
the secretion of aldosterone
what does aldosterone promote
the excretion of K+ in the urine and reabsorption of Na+ via K/Na Pump
what secretes Atrial Natriuretic Hormone
the heart
what would cause the release of ANH
when blood pressure increases
what does ANH cause
it inhibits the secretion of renin, which produces the opposite effect on blood volume and pressure
how does aldosterone affect urine concentration
makes it more concentrated
how does aldosterone effect blood volume and pressure
increases it
how does aldosterone affect absorption of Na
Increases reabsorption of Na by distal convoluted tubules and collecting ducts, resulting in more water following Na, as it moves from filtrate to blood
what does antidiuretic hormone affect permeability
Increases permeability to water of collecting ducts, resulting in more water moving from filtrate to blood
how does antidiuretic hormone affect blood pressure
increases blood volume and therefore pressure
how does ADH affect concentration of urine
makes it more concentrated
how does atrial natriuretic hormone affect reabsorption of Na
Decreases the reabsorption of Na by distal convoluted tubules and collecting ducts, resulting in more Na and water remaining in filtrate
how does atrial natriuretic hormone affect blood pressure
decreases blood volume and therefore pressure
how does ANH affect urine concentration
makes it more diluted
