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HSCI 100 > The Urinary System > Flashcards

The Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

what are the four organs of the urinary system

A

Kidneys, Bladder, Ureters, Urethra

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2
Q

what are the kidneys

A

bean shaped, fist sized organ where urine is formed

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3
Q

what are the ureters

A

small, muscular tubes that carry urine form the kidneys to the bladder

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4
Q

what is the bladder

A

expandable organ that stores urine until it is expelled from the body

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5
Q

what are the functions of the urinary system

A

excretion of metabolic wastes
maintenance of water-salt balance
maintenance of acid-base balance
hormone secretion

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6
Q

what hormones are secreted from the urinary system

A

renin and erythropoietin

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7
Q

what are the main functions of the kidneys

A

produces urine,
conserves water
regulates pH
stimulates production of red blood cells
transforms vitamin D into active form

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8
Q

what are the functions of the ureter

A

transports urine from kidneys to bladder

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9
Q

what is the function of the urinary bladder

A

stores urine

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10
Q

what is the function of the urethra

A

transports urine from urinary bladder to outside the body

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11
Q

what are the secondary organs and body parts that function in the urinary system

A

heart, diaphragm, adrenal gland, renewal artery, renal vein, inferior vena cava, aorta

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12
Q

what is urea made from

A

the breakdown of amino acids

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13
Q

where are amino acids broken down

A

the liver

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14
Q

what does ammonia and carbon dioxide make

A

urea and water

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15
Q

what is the chemical reaction that makes urea

A

2NH3 + CO2 = N2H4CO + H2O

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16
Q

what is uric acid made by

A

the breakdown of nucleotides

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17
Q

what causes gout

A

crystallized uric acid in joints

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18
Q

what appears to be the function of crystallized uric acid

A

to serve as an antioxidant

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19
Q

what is creatinine made by

A

from the breakdown of creatine phosphate

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20
Q

what type of cells breakdown creatinine

A

muscle cells

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21
Q

what is the purpose of creatinine

A

acts as a fast twitch muscle energy source

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22
Q

what makes up the nephrons

A

Glomerular capsule
Glomerular capillaries at start of nephron
Afferent (incoming) arteriole
Efferent (outgoing) arteriole
Distal convoluted tubule

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23
Q

what are the nephrons

A

the filters of the kidney

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24
Q

what occurs in the glomerularlus

A

filtration of nitrogenous wastes and fluids

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25
Q

what occurs in the PCT

A

reabsorption of useful material, and secretion of ions, water, and sugars

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26
Q

what occurs in the D-Loop

A

reabsorption of H20

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27
Q

what occurs in A-Loop

A

reabsorption of salts

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28
Q

what compound gets reabsorbed in the A-Loop

A

NaCl

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29
Q

what four things occurs in the kidneys

A

glomerularus filtration, PCT, the D-Loop, and the A-Loop

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30
Q

what is the glomerulus

A

a knot of capillaries inside the glomerular capsule where pores produce a blood filtrate

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31
Q

what is the glomerular capsule called

A

bowman’s capsule

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32
Q

what is connected in the glomerulus

A

the capsule epithelium and the capillary endothelium

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33
Q

what is the proximal convoluted tubule

A

epithelial layer with a brush border of microvilli to allow reabsorption of filtrate components in the tubule lumen

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34
Q

what is the Loop of Henle

A

U shaped structure that has a descending limb that allows osmosis and an ascending limb that pushes out NaCl

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35
Q

what is the distal convoluted tubule

A

made of epithelial cells rich in mitochondria to supply energy used in the movement of molecules from the blood to the tubule

36
Q

what is tubular secretion

A

the movement of molecules from the blood to the tubule

37
Q

what are the functions of the collecting ducts

A

they serve to carry urine to the renal pelvis

38
Q

what is the function of specialized epithelial tissues

A

the maximize surface area

39
Q

what is the surface area of nephrons

A

18m squared

40
Q

what is the surface area of the long intestine

A

75m squared

41
Q

what is the surface area of the small intestine

A

300m squared

42
Q

what the three main functions of the nephron

A

glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, tubular secretion

43
Q

what occurs to form glomerular filtrate

A

water ions, amino acids, glucose, nitrogen containing wastes, and other small molecules move from the glomerulus to the inside of the glomerular capsule

44
Q

what is moved during tubular reabsorption

A

water, essential ions, and nutrients are reabsorbed from the proximal convoluted tubule into the surrounding capillaries

45
Q

what secretes ions during tubular reabsorption

A

renal tubule, and collecting duct

46
Q

what is secreted into the distal during tubular secretion

A

wastes, excess ions, and drugs

47
Q

how are wastes, excess ions, and drugs moved into the distal

A

active transport

48
Q

what are the three steps of urine formation

A

Glomerular filtration
Tubular reabsorption
Tubular secretion

49
Q

what is the filtrate that enters the nephron similar too?

A

plasma

50
Q

what drives the filtration at the glomerulus

A

blood pressure

51
Q

what type of molecules are moved from the glomerulus to the glomerular capsule

A

water and small molecules

52
Q

what type of molecules are not moved during glomerular filtration

A

plasma proteins and formed elements

53
Q

what type of molecules/ions are reabsorbed from the nephron

A

NaCl, Glucose, and amino acids

54
Q

how do molecules move in tubular reabsorption

A

via specific carrier or channel proteins in the cell membranes

55
Q

what is moved during tubular secretion

A

drugs, NH4, and creatine

56
Q

what form of transport moves drugs in tubular secretion

A

active transport

57
Q

what is the functions of the renal corpuscle

A

filters the bloods, removes water, glucose, amino acids, ions, nitrogen-containing wastes, and other small molecules

58
Q

what is the function of the proximal convoluted tubule

A

reabsorbs water, glucose, amino acids, some urea, Na, Cl, and HCO3, and secretes drugs like H and NH4

59
Q

what is the function of the loop of nephron

A

reabsorbs water, Na, Cl, and K

60
Q

what are the functions of the distal convoluted tubule

A

reabsorbs water, Na, Cl, and HCO3, and secrets drugs like, H, K and NH4

61
Q

why does water not re-enter the ascending limb

A

because there are no water channels to allow easy passage across cell membrane

62
Q

what are water channels called

A

aquaporins

63
Q

what type of feedback is used in osmoregulation

A

negative feedback

64
Q

how does water salt balance help to maintain blood pressure

A

water contributes to blood volume which affects blood pressure

65
Q

TRUE or FALSE: water follows the solute

A

TRUE, it follows the solute through osmosis

66
Q

how does a kidney increase blood pressure

A

renin is released, followed by angiotensin, and aldosterone, and then K/NA pump opens, which increases blood pressure

67
Q

how does a kidney decrease blood pressure

A

atrial natriuretic factor is released, followed by renin, angiotensin, and aldosterone, and then K/NA pump opens, which deccreases blood pressure

68
Q

how does a kidney combat dehydration

A

antidiuretic hormone is released, aquaporins are opened, leading to rehydrations

69
Q

what is osmoregulation

A

the maintenance of constant blood pressure and constant blood osmolarity

70
Q

what is blood osmolarity

A

solute concentration in blood

71
Q

what would low blood pressure trigger

A

reabsorption of salt and water from the nephrons

72
Q

what activates angiotensin hormone

A

renin

73
Q

what does angiotensin trigger

A

the secretion of aldosterone

74
Q

what does aldosterone promote

A

the excretion of K+ in the urine and reabsorption of Na+ via K/Na Pump

75
Q

what secretes Atrial Natriuretic Hormone

A

the heart

76
Q

what would cause the release of ANH

A

when blood pressure increases

77
Q

what does ANH cause

A

it inhibits the secretion of renin, which produces the opposite effect on blood volume and pressure

78
Q

how does aldosterone affect urine concentration

A

makes it more concentrated

79
Q

how does aldosterone effect blood volume and pressure

A

increases it

80
Q

how does aldosterone affect absorption of Na

A

Increases reabsorption of Na by distal convoluted tubules and collecting ducts, resulting in more water following Na, as it moves from filtrate to blood

81
Q

what does antidiuretic hormone affect permeability

A

Increases permeability to water of collecting ducts, resulting in more water moving from filtrate to blood

82
Q

how does antidiuretic hormone affect blood pressure

A

increases blood volume and therefore pressure

83
Q

how does ADH affect concentration of urine

A

makes it more concentrated

84
Q

how does atrial natriuretic hormone affect reabsorption of Na

A

Decreases the reabsorption of Na by distal convoluted tubules and collecting ducts, resulting in more Na and water remaining in filtrate

85
Q

how does atrial natriuretic hormone affect blood pressure

A

decreases blood volume and therefore pressure

86
Q

how does ANH affect urine concentration

A

makes it more diluted

HSCI 100 (6 decks)

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