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HSCI 100 > The Digestive System > Flashcards

The Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

what is ingestion

A

intake of food via the mouth

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2
Q

what is digestion

A

mechanically or chemically breaking down food into their subunits

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3
Q

what is absorption within the digestion system

A

movement of nutrients across the GI tract wall to be delivered to cells/tissues via the blood

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4
Q

what is elimination within the digestion system

A

removal of indigestible molecules

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5
Q

what is movement within the digestion system

A

food must be moved along the GI tract in order to fulfill all functions

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6
Q

what are the main steps in the digestive process

A

ingestion, digestion, movement, absorption, and elimination

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7
Q

what is the overall goal of the digestive process

A

to breakdown food into usable units and eliminate the rest

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8
Q

what is the function of the mouth

A

teeth chew food, tongue tastes, and pushed food for chewing and swallowing

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9
Q

what is the purpose of the pharynx

A

passageway where food is swallowed

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10
Q

what is the purpose of the esophagus

A

passageway where peristalsis pushes food to stomach

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11
Q

what is the function of the stomach

A

secretes acid and digestive enzyme for protein; churns, mixing food with secretions and sends chyme to small intestine

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12
Q

what is the function of the small intestine

A

mixes chyme with digestive enzymes for final breakdown; absorbs nutrient molecules into body; secretes digestive hormones into blood

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13
Q

what is the function of the large intestine

A

absorbs water and salt to form feces

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14
Q

what is the purpose of the rectum

A

stores and regulated the elimination of feces

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15
Q

what is the pathway of food entering and exiting the body

A

mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus

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16
Q

what are the accessory organs in the digestive process

A

salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas

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17
Q

what is the function of the salivary glands

A

secret saliva

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18
Q

what does saliva contain

A

digestive enzymes for carbohydrates

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19
Q

what is the purpose of the liver

A

processes and stores nutrients

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20
Q

what produces bile

A

the liver

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21
Q

what is bile used for

A

emulsification of fats

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22
Q

what is the function of the gallbladder

A

stores bile from liver, and sends it to the small intestine

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23
Q

what is the function of the pancreas

A

produces pancreatic juice: contains digestive enzymes, and sends it to the small intestine; produces insulin and secretes it into the blood after eating

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24
Q

what hormones regulate hunger and appetite

A

Gherlin and Leptin

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25
Q

where is Gherlin and Leptin produced

A

in the GI tract

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26
Q

what are the different ways hormones in the GI tract are released

A

in the gut through food presence, by the nervous system by seeing or smelling food, some arise from fat cells

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27
Q

what are the layers of the GI tract

A

mucosa, submucosa, muscular, and serose

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28
Q

what is the mucosa

A

innermost layer of epithelial cells that produces mucus that protect the lining

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29
Q

what is the submucosa

A

layer of loose connective tissue that contains blood vessels, lymphatic vessels and nerves

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30
Q

what is the muscularis

A

layer made of 2 orthogonal layers of smooth muscle that move food along the GI tract

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31
Q

what is the serose

A

outer lining that is part of the peritoneum that covers abdominal organs

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32
Q

what secretes salivary amylase

A

3 pairs of salivary glands located in the mouth

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33
Q

what is salivary amylase

A

an enzyme that begins carbohydrate digestion

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34
Q

what are tonsils

A

2 lymph organs located in the back of the mouth

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35
Q

what is the purpose of tonsils

A

serve to fight infection

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36
Q

what is the tongue

A

skeletal muscle in mouth that is covered in specialized sensory cells

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37
Q

what is the purpose of the tongue

A

assist in the mechanical breakdown and movement of food

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38
Q

what does the tongue form

A

a bolus

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39
Q

what is a bolus

A

mass of chewed food

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40
Q

what are the two ways we swallow food

A

swallowing and peristalsis

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41
Q

what are the three layers of smooth muscle in the stomach

A

Longitudinal layer of muscle
Circular layer of muscle
Oblique layer of muscle

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42
Q

what does the mucosa layer of the stomach have

A

rugae

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43
Q

what is controlled by the stomach

A

the movement of chyme into the small intestine

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44
Q

what is the purpose of the three layers of the stomach wall

A

it helps in mechanical digestion and allowing it to stretch

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45
Q

what is rugae

A

deep folds in the mucosa layer

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46
Q

what is the purpose of rugae

A

rugae and gastric pits lead into gastric glands that secrete gastric juice

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47
Q

what does gastric juice contain

A

pepsin, hydrochloric acid, and mucus

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48
Q

what is pepsin

A

an enzyme that breaks down proteins

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49
Q

what makes up chyme

A

gastric juice and food

50
Q

what is the pH of the stomach

A

2

51
Q

what causes the acidic pH in the stomach

A

Hydrochloric acid

52
Q

what is the purpose of the acidic pH in the stomach

A

it activates pepsin and helps to kill bacteria in food

53
Q

what causes peptic or gastric ulcers

A

a bacterium called helicobacter pylori

54
Q

what does helicobacter pylori live

A

in the mucus of the stomach

55
Q

what is the average length of the small intestine

A

18 feet / 6 meters

56
Q

what is the first section of the small intestine called

A

duodenum

57
Q

what connects to the duodenum

A

liver, gallbladder, and pancreas

58
Q

what begins the digestion of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats in the small intestine

A

enzymes secreted by the pancreas

59
Q

what secretes bile

A

the gallbladder

60
Q

how is the digested food absorbed

A

through the large surface area of the mucosal epithelium

61
Q

what creates the large surface area in the mucosal epithelium

A

numerous vili and microvilli

62
Q

what are vili

A

finger-like projections

63
Q

what are microvilli

A

small membrane projections from each cells

64
Q

what enters the capillaries during digestion

A

amino acids and sugars

65
Q

what enters the lacteals during digestion

A

fatty acids

66
Q

what are lacteals

A

small lymph vessels

67
Q

what breaks down carbs

A

pancreatic amylase

68
Q

what are carbs broken down into

A

maltose and glucose

69
Q

where do maltose and glucose flow into

A

blood capillary

70
Q

what breaks down protein into peptides

A

trypsin

71
Q

what are peptides broken down into

A

peptidase and amino acids

72
Q

where do amino acids go after digestion

A

into blood capillary

73
Q

what breaks down bile salts and fat globules

A

emulsification droplets

74
Q

what are bile salts and fat globules broken down into

A

lipase

75
Q

what is lipase broken down into

A

monoglycerides and fatty acids

76
Q

what are monoglycerides and fatty acids broken down into

A

chylomicron

77
Q

what is chylomicron secreted into after digestion

A

Lymphatic capillary

78
Q

how does enzymes affect the break down of food

A

they catalyze the hydrolysis reactions that break down food

79
Q

what does the absorption process rely on

A

facilitated transport

80
Q

how does blood travel to the liver

A

via hepatic portal vein

81
Q

why does blood travel to the liver

A

for additional metabolism and storage

82
Q

what are the key organs that aid in digestion

A

pancreas, liver, and gallbladder

83
Q

what is the pancreas

A

fish-shaped, spongy organ behind stomach

84
Q

what is the exocrine function of the pancreas

A

secretes bicarbonate into small intestine to neutralize stomach acid, and secretes enzymes to aid in digestion

85
Q

what enzymes are secreted by the pancreas

A

trypsin, lipase, pancreatic amylase

86
Q

what is the endocrine function of the pancreas

A

secretes insulin into the blood to keep blood sugar levels under control

87
Q

what causes blood glucose to rise

A

digested food

88
Q

what is blood glucose also called

A

glycemic index

89
Q

what is secreted when blood sugar is low

A

glucagon

90
Q

what does glucagon do

A

helps to mobilize glucose stored in the body

91
Q

what is an example of stored glucose is mobilized by glucagon

A

glycogen in the liver

92
Q

what makes up the liver

A

around 100,000 lobules

93
Q

what is the purpose of the liver

A

filters blood from the GI tract, acting to detoxify the blood

94
Q

what does the liver remove from blood to store

A

Iron, Vitamin A, D, E,K, and B12

95
Q

what does the liver store glucose as

A

glycogen

96
Q

why does the liver store glycogen

A

for break down, to help maintain steady blood glucose levels

97
Q

what makes plasma proteins

A

the liver

98
Q

what type of plasma proteins are made by the liver

A

albumin, fibrinogen, and several others

99
Q

what is used to make bile

A

high density lipoprotein

100
Q

what does HDL contain

A

cholesterol

101
Q

what is hemoglobin broken down into

A

bilirubin

102
Q

what is HDL known as

A

the good cholesterol

103
Q

what does the large intestine include

A

the cecum, colon, rectum, and anal canal

104
Q

what is the appendix

A

projection from the cecum

105
Q

wha is the purpose of the appendix

A

plays a minor role in fighting infections

106
Q

what kinda of organ in the appendix

A

vestigial organ

107
Q

why is the large intestine considered bigger than the small intestine

A

it is larger in diameter but smaller in length

108
Q

what are the functions of the large intestine

A

absorbs water, absorbs vitamins, forms and rids the body of feces

109
Q

why is water absorbed in the large intestine

A

the prevent dehydration

110
Q

what vitamins are absorbed in the large intestine

A

B complex, and vitamin K

111
Q

what produces vitamin B complex and K

A

intestinal flora

112
Q

what is intestinal flora

A

bacteria found in the GI tract

113
Q

what type of muscles are responsible for defecation

A

involuntary and voluntary sphincter muscles

114
Q

what is BMI stand for

A

body mass index

115
Q

what is the purpose of BMI

A

its a measurement of body proportions that help to gauge a person’s overall proportions

116
Q

what are the five major classes of nutrients needed by our bodies

A

carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, minerals, and vitamins

117
Q

what are three types of macronutrients

A

carbohydrates, proteins and lipids

118
Q

what are two types of micronutrients

A

minerals and vitamins

119
Q

what causes hyperglycemia

A

excessive carbohydrate intake

120
Q

why do we need to ingest proteins daily

A

they are not effectively stored in our bodies

121
Q

what is the result of excessive protein intake

A

chronic excretion of nitrogenous wastes and it can overwork the kidneys

122
Q

what does Hal stand for

A

high density lipoprotein

HSCI 100 (6 decks)

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