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HSCI 100 > The Digestive System > Flashcards

The Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

what is ingestion

A

intake of food via the mouth

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2
Q

what is digestion

A

mechanically or chemically breaking down food into their subunits

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3
Q

what is absorption within the digestion system

A

movement of nutrients across the GI tract wall to be delivered to cells/tissues via the blood

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4
Q

what is elimination within the digestion system

A

removal of indigestible molecules

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5
Q

what is movement within the digestion system

A

food must be moved along the GI tract in order to fulfill all functions

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6
Q

what are the main steps in the digestive process

A

ingestion, digestion, movement, absorption, and elimination

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7
Q

what is the overall goal of the digestive process

A

to breakdown food into usable units and eliminate the rest

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8
Q

what is the function of the mouth

A

teeth chew food, tongue tastes, and pushed food for chewing and swallowing

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9
Q

what is the purpose of the pharynx

A

passageway where food is swallowed

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10
Q

what is the purpose of the esophagus

A

passageway where peristalsis pushes food to stomach

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11
Q

what is the function of the stomach

A

secretes acid and digestive enzyme for protein; churns, mixing food with secretions and sends chyme to small intestine

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12
Q

what is the function of the small intestine

A

mixes chyme with digestive enzymes for final breakdown; absorbs nutrient molecules into body; secretes digestive hormones into blood

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13
Q

what is the function of the large intestine

A

absorbs water and salt to form feces

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14
Q

what is the purpose of the rectum

A

stores and regulated the elimination of feces

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15
Q

what is the pathway of food entering and exiting the body

A

mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus

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16
Q

what are the accessory organs in the digestive process

A

salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas

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17
Q

what is the function of the salivary glands

A

secret saliva

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18
Q

what does saliva contain

A

digestive enzymes for carbohydrates

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19
Q

what is the purpose of the liver

A

processes and stores nutrients

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20
Q

what produces bile

A

the liver

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21
Q

what is bile used for

A

emulsification of fats

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22
Q

what is the function of the gallbladder

A

stores bile from liver, and sends it to the small intestine

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23
Q

what is the function of the pancreas

A

produces pancreatic juice: contains digestive enzymes, and sends it to the small intestine; produces insulin and secretes it into the blood after eating

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24
Q

what hormones regulate hunger and appetite

A

Gherlin and Leptin

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25
where is Gherlin and Leptin produced
in the GI tract
26
what are the different ways hormones in the GI tract are released
in the gut through food presence, by the nervous system by seeing or smelling food, some arise from fat cells
27
what are the layers of the GI tract
mucosa, submucosa, muscular, and serose
28
what is the mucosa
innermost layer of epithelial cells that produces mucus that protect the lining
29
what is the submucosa
layer of loose connective tissue that contains blood vessels, lymphatic vessels and nerves
30
what is the muscularis
layer made of 2 orthogonal layers of smooth muscle that move food along the GI tract
31
what is the serose
outer lining that is part of the peritoneum that covers abdominal organs
32
what secretes salivary amylase
3 pairs of salivary glands located in the mouth
33
what is salivary amylase
an enzyme that begins carbohydrate digestion
34
what are tonsils
2 lymph organs located in the back of the mouth
35
what is the purpose of tonsils
serve to fight infection
36
what is the tongue
skeletal muscle in mouth that is covered in specialized sensory cells
37
what is the purpose of the tongue
assist in the mechanical breakdown and movement of food
38
what does the tongue form
a bolus
39
what is a bolus
mass of chewed food
40
what are the two ways we swallow food
swallowing and peristalsis
41
what are the three layers of smooth muscle in the stomach
Longitudinal layer of muscle Circular layer of muscle Oblique layer of muscle
42
what does the mucosa layer of the stomach have
rugae
43
what is controlled by the stomach
the movement of chyme into the small intestine
44
what is the purpose of the three layers of the stomach wall
it helps in mechanical digestion and allowing it to stretch
45
what is rugae
deep folds in the mucosa layer
46
what is the purpose of rugae
rugae and gastric pits lead into gastric glands that secrete gastric juice
47
what does gastric juice contain
pepsin, hydrochloric acid, and mucus
48
what is pepsin
an enzyme that breaks down proteins
49
what makes up chyme
gastric juice and food
50
what is the pH of the stomach
2
51
what causes the acidic pH in the stomach
Hydrochloric acid
52
what is the purpose of the acidic pH in the stomach
it activates pepsin and helps to kill bacteria in food
53
what causes peptic or gastric ulcers
a bacterium called helicobacter pylori
54
what does helicobacter pylori live
in the mucus of the stomach
55
what is the average length of the small intestine
18 feet / 6 meters
56
what is the first section of the small intestine called
duodenum
57
what connects to the duodenum
liver, gallbladder, and pancreas
58
what begins the digestion of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats in the small intestine
enzymes secreted by the pancreas
59
what secretes bile
the gallbladder
60
how is the digested food absorbed
through the large surface area of the mucosal epithelium
61
what creates the large surface area in the mucosal epithelium
numerous vili and microvilli
62
what are vili
finger-like projections
63
what are microvilli
small membrane projections from each cells
64
what enters the capillaries during digestion
amino acids and sugars
65
what enters the lacteals during digestion
fatty acids
66
what are lacteals
small lymph vessels
67
what breaks down carbs
pancreatic amylase
68
what are carbs broken down into
maltose and glucose
69
where do maltose and glucose flow into
blood capillary
70
what breaks down protein into peptides
trypsin
71
what are peptides broken down into
peptidase and amino acids
72
where do amino acids go after digestion
into blood capillary
73
what breaks down bile salts and fat globules
emulsification droplets
74
what are bile salts and fat globules broken down into
lipase
75
what is lipase broken down into
monoglycerides and fatty acids
76
what are monoglycerides and fatty acids broken down into
chylomicron
77
what is chylomicron secreted into after digestion
Lymphatic capillary
78
how does enzymes affect the break down of food
they catalyze the hydrolysis reactions that break down food
79
what does the absorption process rely on
facilitated transport
80
how does blood travel to the liver
via hepatic portal vein
81
why does blood travel to the liver
for additional metabolism and storage
82
what are the key organs that aid in digestion
pancreas, liver, and gallbladder
83
what is the pancreas
fish-shaped, spongy organ behind stomach
84
what is the exocrine function of the pancreas
secretes bicarbonate into small intestine to neutralize stomach acid, and secretes enzymes to aid in digestion
85
what enzymes are secreted by the pancreas
trypsin, lipase, pancreatic amylase
86
what is the endocrine function of the pancreas
secretes insulin into the blood to keep blood sugar levels under control
87
what causes blood glucose to rise
digested food
88
what is blood glucose also called
glycemic index
89
what is secreted when blood sugar is low
glucagon
90
what does glucagon do
helps to mobilize glucose stored in the body
91
what is an example of stored glucose is mobilized by glucagon
glycogen in the liver
92
what makes up the liver
around 100,000 lobules
93
what is the purpose of the liver
filters blood from the GI tract, acting to detoxify the blood
94
what does the liver remove from blood to store
Iron, Vitamin A, D, E,K, and B12
95
what does the liver store glucose as
glycogen
96
why does the liver store glycogen
for break down, to help maintain steady blood glucose levels
97
what makes plasma proteins
the liver
98
what type of plasma proteins are made by the liver
albumin, fibrinogen, and several others
99
what is used to make bile
high density lipoprotein
100
what does HDL contain
cholesterol
101
what is hemoglobin broken down into
bilirubin
102
what is HDL known as
the good cholesterol
103
what does the large intestine include
the cecum, colon, rectum, and anal canal
104
what is the appendix
projection from the cecum
105
wha is the purpose of the appendix
plays a minor role in fighting infections
106
what kinda of organ in the appendix
vestigial organ
107
why is the large intestine considered bigger than the small intestine
it is larger in diameter but smaller in length
108
what are the functions of the large intestine
absorbs water, absorbs vitamins, forms and rids the body of feces
109
why is water absorbed in the large intestine
the prevent dehydration
110
what vitamins are absorbed in the large intestine
B complex, and vitamin K
111
what produces vitamin B complex and K
intestinal flora
112
what is intestinal flora
bacteria found in the GI tract
113
what type of muscles are responsible for defecation
involuntary and voluntary sphincter muscles
114
what is BMI stand for
body mass index
115
what is the purpose of BMI
its a measurement of body proportions that help to gauge a person's overall proportions
116
what are the five major classes of nutrients needed by our bodies
carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, minerals, and vitamins
117
what are three types of macronutrients
carbohydrates, proteins and lipids
118
what are two types of micronutrients
minerals and vitamins
119
what causes hyperglycemia
excessive carbohydrate intake
120
why do we need to ingest proteins daily
they are not effectively stored in our bodies
121
what is the result of excessive protein intake
chronic excretion of nitrogenous wastes and it can overwork the kidneys
122
what does Hal stand for
high density lipoprotein

HSCI 100 (6 decks)

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