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HSCI 100 > The Reproductive System > Flashcards

The Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

what creates a diploid zygote

A

a haploid egg and a haploid sperm

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2
Q

what is gamete union

A

fertilization

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3
Q

what do germ cells develop into

A

gametes

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4
Q

where are germ cells located

A

in the gonads

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5
Q

how do germ cells become gametes

A

via support cells

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6
Q

where is sperm produced

A

seminiferous tubulues

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7
Q

where are the seminiferous tubules

A

the testes

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8
Q

what is the function of Sertoli cells

A

they help nourish sperm and regulate the process of sperm production

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9
Q

what is the term referring to gamete development

A

gametogenesis

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10
Q

what is the process of sperm production called

A

spermatogenesis

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11
Q

what is the biology term for sperm

A

spermatozoa

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12
Q

what is sperm derived from

A

spermatogonium

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13
Q

what is a cell differential pathway for sperm

A

spermatogenesis

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14
Q

where is sperm stored

A

in the epididymis

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15
Q

where do sperm mature

A

in the epididymis

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16
Q

what is the function of FSH in the male reproductive system

A

maintains the seminiferous tubules and potentiates gametogenesis by supporting Sertoli cells

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17
Q

what is the function of LH in the male reproductive system

A

it stimulates the production of testosterone from interstitial cells

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18
Q

what is ICSH

A

interstitial cell - stimulating hormone

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19
Q

what is the effect testosterone has on hormone centres

A

has an inhibitory effect on both the anterior pituitary and the hypothalamus

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20
Q

what is the acrosome

A

cap that covers the head of sperm

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21
Q

what is stored in the acrosome

A

enzymes

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22
Q

what is the purpose of the acrosome enzymes

A

the enzymes are needed to penetrate the egg

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23
Q

what does the middle piece of sperm contain

A

mitochondria

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24
Q

what is the purpose of the mitochondria in the sperm

A

to make energy (ATP)

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25
Q

what is the tail of sperm called

A

a flagellum

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26
Q

what is the purpose of the flagellum

A

it provides movement for the sperm

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27
Q

what is the scrotum

A

sacs that holds the testes

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28
Q

what is the purpose of the scrotum

A

to help regulate the temperature of the testes

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29
Q

why does the temperature of sperm need to be cold

A

the average body temp, 37, is too warm and kills sperm

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30
Q

what are the testes

A

paired organs that produce sperm and male sex hormones

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31
Q

what are the testes composed of

A

seminiferous tubules

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32
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: sperm is continuously produced from puberty

A

TRUE

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33
Q

how do sertoli cells help nourish sperm

A

they provide niche

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34
Q

what are leydig cells also known as

A

interstitial cells

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35
Q

what are leydig cells

A

cells between seminiferous tubules

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36
Q

what is the function of leydig cells

A

they produce androgens and testosterone

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37
Q

what is the purpose of the epididymis

A

storing sperm and being a site for sperm to mature

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38
Q

how many sperm are in a typical ejaculate

A

50-500 million

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39
Q

how long do sperm survive in the female genital tract

A

48 hours

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40
Q

what is the purpose of seminal vesicles

A

to produce a fluid with fructose

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41
Q

what is the purpose of the fructose in seminal vesicle fluid

A

it provides energy for the sperm and prostaglandins

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42
Q

what do prostaglandins do

A

stimulate uterine contractions

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43
Q

what does the prostate gland produce

A

an alkaline fluid

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44
Q

what is the purpose of the prostate gland alkaline fluid

A

the help buffer the acidic pH in the vagina

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45
Q

what is produced by the bulbourethral glands

A

mucus

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46
Q

what is the function of the mucus produced by the bulbourethral glands

A

acts as a lubricant in the urethra

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47
Q

how is endocrine control regulated

A

negative feedback

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48
Q

what produces inhibin in the male reproductive system

A

Sertoli cells in the male testes

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49
Q

what produces inhibin in the female reproductive system

A

granulose cells in the female ovary

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50
Q

what is the function of the penis

A

organ used for sexual intercourse and urination

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51
Q

how can an erection be mediated

A

by mechanical stimulation through autonomic nervous system

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52
Q

what is the autonomic nervous system

A

parasympthetic nervous system

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53
Q

what is released during mechanical stimulation of an erection

A

nitric oxide

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54
Q

what part of the brain mediates an erection

A

cerebral cortex

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55
Q

what can cause an erection

A

visual, auditory, olfactory, or tacile stimuli

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56
Q

how does an erection take place

A

smooth muscles of the arteries relax, and signal a transduction cascade

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57
Q

what is produced by the transduction cascade

A

cyclic guanosine monophosphate

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58
Q

what does cGMP stand for

A

cyclic guanosine monophosphate

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59
Q

what happens in order for erectile dysfunction to occur

A

erectile tissue does not expand enough to compress the veins

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60
Q

how does viagra and other erectile dysfunction drugs work

A

it blocks the phosphodiesterase that breaks down cGPM

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61
Q

what is the purpose of the ovaries

A

to produce eggs and sex hormones

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62
Q

what are the sex hormones produced by th ovaries

A

estrogen, progesterone, and inhibin

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63
Q

what is the function of the oviducts

A

to move eggs, and to be a normal site of fertilization

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64
Q

what is the uterus

A

the normal site of embryo implantation and fetal development

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65
Q

what is the cervix

A

opening to the uterus that can dilate during childbirth

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66
Q

what is the vagina

A

organ for sexual intercourse and birth canal

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67
Q

what is the clitoris

A

erectile organ and site of intense sexual feeling

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68
Q

what does the ovary contain

A

many follicles

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69
Q

what is in ovarian follicles

A

oocyte

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70
Q

what is an oocyte

A

immature egg

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71
Q

how many follicles does the average female have

A

~300,000-400,000

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72
Q

when are follicles developed

A

prior to puberty

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73
Q

does follicle production stop?

A

yes, prior to puberty

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74
Q

on average, how many follicles mature in a lifetime

A

400

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75
Q

what is menarche

A

the beginning of puberty, when monthly cycles begin

76
Q

what is menopause

A

the end of ovarian and uterine cycles

77
Q

how many follicles mature each month

A

one

78
Q

what causes the oocyte to be released each month

A

the follicle rupturing

79
Q

what is ovulation

A

the monthly release of an oocyte from the ovary

80
Q

where in GnRH produced

A

diffuse cell bodies of neurons originating in the hypothalamus

81
Q

what does GnRH stand for

A

gonadotropin releasing hormone

82
Q

how does GnRH reach the anterior pituitary gland

A

via the hypophyseal portal system

83
Q

what does GnRH bind to

A

gonadotrophs

84
Q

what are gonadotrophs

A

specialized cells that produced gonad stimulating hormones

85
Q

what are the two main gonadotropins in the female reproductive system

A

Luteinizing hormone, and follicle stimulating hormone

86
Q

what does the binding of GnRH and Gonadotrophs cause

A

the release of two gonadotropins

87
Q

how is GnRH released

A

rhythmically, pulsatile

88
Q

what does FSH do

A

supports the growth of the follicle

89
Q

what does LH do

A

induces ovulation and support growth of the corpus luteum

90
Q

what days are considered the follicular phase

A

day 1-14

91
Q

what days are considered the luteal phase

A

day 15-28

92
Q

what homeostasis mechanism does estrogen have

A

negative feedback

93
Q

what homeostasis mechanism does progesterone have

A

negative feedback

94
Q

what is estrogen’s effect of LH

A

it stimulates LH release

95
Q

what is the effect of progesterone on LH

A

decreases the release of LH

96
Q

what are the two phases of the uterine cycle

A

the proliferative phase and the secretory phase

97
Q

what is estrogen responsible for during proliferative phase

A

for endometrial regeneration

98
Q

how long does endometrial regeneration occur for

A

from day 1 of the cycle until mid cycle

99
Q

what happens to the endometrium happen during the proliferative phase

A

it increases in thickness and vascularity

100
Q

what is secreted right before ovulation

A

the cervix secretes protein and carbohydrate rich mucus

101
Q

what is the purpose of the mucus secreted by the cervix

A

to facilitate entry of spermatozoa

102
Q

what is the pH of the mucus secreted by the cervix

A

8-9

103
Q

what secretes progesterone

A

the corpus luteum

104
Q

what does progesterone do

A

it promotes the growth of the endometrium to facilitate implantation of a fertilized ovum

105
Q

what happens if implantation of a fertilized ovum does not occur

A

menstruation

106
Q

what occurs during menstruation

A

the corpus luteum degenerates, production of progesterone stops and the uterine lining sloughs off

107
Q

what is secreted by an implanted ovum

A

human chorionic lining of the uterus during pregnancy

108
Q

what does FSH do in females

A

induces development of ovarian follicles

109
Q

what does LH do in females

A

induces estrogen and progesterone synthesis and continued follicular development

110
Q

what does FSH do in males

A

initiates and maintains spermatogenesis

111
Q

what does LH do in males

A

it stimulates androgen production in the interstitial cells of the testis

112
Q

what occurs during day 1-5 of the uterine cycle

A

low level of estrogen and progesterone causes the inner uterine lining to disintegrate and menstruation occurs

113
Q

what occurs during day 6-13 in the uterine cycle

A

increases in estrogen causes the endometrium to thicken

114
Q

what occurs on day 14 of the uterine cycle

A

ovulation

115
Q

what occurs on day 15-28 of the uterine cycle

A

increases in progesterone causes the endometrium to double or triple in thickness in preparation for the developing embryo

116
Q

what is made by the embryo after an egg implants

A

human chorionic gonadotropin

117
Q

what does HCG do

A

maintains corpus luteum and endometrium

118
Q

what hormone does pregnancy tests detect

A

human chorionic gonadotropin

119
Q

how long after fertilization does pregnancy occur

A

6-16 days after

120
Q

what effect does pregnancy have on progesterone

A

progesterone remains elevated

121
Q

what effect does pregnancy have on estrogen

A

estrogen levels are subdued

122
Q

what are estrogen and progesterone levels affected during pregnancy

A

to support development of embryo implantation and placental development

123
Q

what are five forms of birth control

A

abstinence, hormonal control, barrier methods, sterilization, and preven

124
Q

how do birth control pills work

A

they are synthetic estrogen and progesterone which blocks FSH and LH release to stop follicular development and ovulation

125
Q

how does contraceptive implants work

A

they are synthetic progesterone which prevents ovulation

126
Q

what is an IUD

A

small plastic piece inserted into the uterus to prevent implantation

127
Q

what is a diaphragm

A

soft latex cup that covers the cervix so sperm cannot enter the uterus

128
Q

what are three types of barrier methods

A

IUD, condom, and a diaphragm

129
Q

what are contraceptive injections

A

injection of progesterone to prevent ovulation

130
Q

what is a vasectomy

A

cutting and sealing of the vas deferens

131
Q

what is tubal ligation

A

cutting and sealing of the oviducts

132
Q

what is preven

A

the morning after pill

133
Q

what does preven work

A

upsets the normal uterine cycle so an embryo has a hard time implanting

134
Q

what percent of effectiveness does preven have

A

85%

135
Q

what is RU-486

A

type of morning after pill

136
Q

how does RU-486 work

A

prevents or causes loss of an implanted embryo

137
Q

what are the two types of birth control methods that protect against STIs

A

abstinence and use of condoms

138
Q

what is a viral disease

A

a disease that cannot be treated with antibiotics

139
Q

what are examples of viral STDs

A

HIV/AIDS

140
Q

what is a bacterial disease

A

disease that can be treated with antibiotics

141
Q

what is an example of a bacterial disease

A

chlamydia, gonorrhea, syphilis

142
Q

what type of STI is a yeast infection

A

one that can be treated with antifungals

143
Q

what are the steps of fertilization (this is a long answer)

A

Secretions from the female reproductive tract after the surface of the plasma membrane of the sperm
The sperm contacts the corona radiata, and enzymes spill out of the acrosomes
The enzymes disrupt cellular attachments, allowing passage of the sperm through the corona radiata and then the zona pellucida
The sperm contacts the plasma membrane of the secondary oocyte, and their plasma membranes fuse
The sperm enters the cytoplasm of the secondary oocyte
Granules near the plasma membrane of the secondary oocyte release their enzymes, causing the overlying zona pellucida to harden
The nucleus of the sperm and the nucleus of the egg fuse, and fertilization is completed

144
Q

what is the pre embryonic development stage

A

1st week of development after fertilization

145
Q

what is the embryonic development stage

A

2nd week after fertilization until the end of the 2nd month

146
Q

what is the fetal development stage

A

the 3rd through the 9th months of development

147
Q

how long is total human gestation

A

around 265-280 days

148
Q

what are of the stages of life after birth

A

infancy, childhood, puberty, adolescent, adulthood, senescence

149
Q

what are the four main processes of development

A

cleavage, growth, morphogenesis, and differentiation

150
Q

what is the cleavage process

A

cells undergo mitotic division without embryo increasing in size

151
Q

what is the growth stage

A

cells undergo mitotic division as well as increases in size

152
Q

what is the morphogenesis stage

A

the embryo begins to take shape as cell migrate and sort out their psoitions

153
Q

what is the differentiation stage

A

when cells take on specific structure and function

154
Q

what are the first cells to specialize during the differentiation stage

A

trophoblast cells

155
Q

what do trophoblast cells become apart of

A

the placenta

156
Q

what is the first system that is specialized during differentiation stage

A

the nervous system

157
Q

what are the four stages of pre embryonic development

A

cleavage, morula, blastula, and implantation

158
Q

what is chorion

A

fetal half of the placenta

159
Q

what is the placenta

A

the organ that provides the embryo with nourishment and gets rid of wastes

160
Q

how does the placenta get rid of wastes

A

through exchange with the mothers blood

161
Q

what is the function of the allantois

A

to give rise to the bladder and the blood vessels of the umbilical cord

162
Q

what is carried in the umbilical cord

A

blood to and from the fetus

163
Q

what is in the yolk sac

A

many blood vessels

164
Q

where do blood cells first form

A

the yolk sac

165
Q

what is the amnion

A

protective membrane and contains amniotic fluid

166
Q

what is the purpose of the amniotic fluid

A

to cushion and protect the embryo

167
Q

how does oxygen and nutrients get from the mother to the baby

A

they diffuse from pools of maternal blood into capillaries within the chorionic vili, and go to the fetus via vessels in the umbilical cord

168
Q

what is morula

A

a compact ball of embryonic cells

169
Q

how many cells are in morula

A

32

170
Q

what is a blastocyst

A

creation of inner cell mass that becomes the embryo and is covered by a layer of cells that later becomes the chorion

171
Q

what does the blastula do around day 6-16 after fertilization

A

it embeds into the uterus

172
Q

what are the three primary germ layers

A

ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm

173
Q

what sex is XX

A

female

174
Q

what sex is XY

A

male

175
Q

what occurs if the SRY gene is present

A

around week 6, the embryo begins to develop into a male

176
Q

what is the purpose of the anti-mullerian hormone

A

it prevents the development of female sex organs

177
Q

what secretes anti-mullerian hormone

A

the testes

178
Q

what is developing at week 14

A

primitive testes or ovaries with gametes

179
Q

the development of male organs are dependent on which hormone

A

dihydrotestosterone

180
Q

what produces dihydrotestosterone

A

the testes

181
Q

what does the anti-mullerian hormone do

A

blocks the mullein duct growth

182
Q

what are the three stages of birth

A

dilation, expulsion, placenta

183
Q

how long does birth last

A

around 1 hour

184
Q

what causes water to break

A

cervix dilates to 10 cm

185
Q

what homeostasis mechanism is used for hormonal regulation of birth

A

positive feedback

186
Q

why is positive feedback used

A

to amplify the response

187
Q

what homeostasis mechanism is used for lactation

A

positive feedback

HSCI 100 (6 decks)

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