The Reproductive System Flashcards
what creates a diploid zygote
a haploid egg and a haploid sperm
what is gamete union
fertilization
what do germ cells develop into
gametes
where are germ cells located
in the gonads
how do germ cells become gametes
via support cells
where is sperm produced
seminiferous tubulues
where are the seminiferous tubules
the testes
what is the function of Sertoli cells
they help nourish sperm and regulate the process of sperm production
what is the term referring to gamete development
gametogenesis
what is the process of sperm production called
spermatogenesis
what is the biology term for sperm
spermatozoa
what is sperm derived from
spermatogonium
what is a cell differential pathway for sperm
spermatogenesis
where is sperm stored
in the epididymis
where do sperm mature
in the epididymis
what is the function of FSH in the male reproductive system
maintains the seminiferous tubules and potentiates gametogenesis by supporting Sertoli cells
what is the function of LH in the male reproductive system
it stimulates the production of testosterone from interstitial cells
what is ICSH
interstitial cell - stimulating hormone
what is the effect testosterone has on hormone centres
has an inhibitory effect on both the anterior pituitary and the hypothalamus
what is the acrosome
cap that covers the head of sperm
what is stored in the acrosome
enzymes
what is the purpose of the acrosome enzymes
the enzymes are needed to penetrate the egg
what does the middle piece of sperm contain
mitochondria
what is the purpose of the mitochondria in the sperm
to make energy (ATP)
what is the tail of sperm called
a flagellum
what is the purpose of the flagellum
it provides movement for the sperm
what is the scrotum
sacs that holds the testes
what is the purpose of the scrotum
to help regulate the temperature of the testes
why does the temperature of sperm need to be cold
the average body temp, 37, is too warm and kills sperm
what are the testes
paired organs that produce sperm and male sex hormones
what are the testes composed of
seminiferous tubules
TRUE OR FALSE: sperm is continuously produced from puberty
TRUE
how do sertoli cells help nourish sperm
they provide niche
what are leydig cells also known as
interstitial cells
what are leydig cells
cells between seminiferous tubules
what is the function of leydig cells
they produce androgens and testosterone
what is the purpose of the epididymis
storing sperm and being a site for sperm to mature
how many sperm are in a typical ejaculate
50-500 million
how long do sperm survive in the female genital tract
48 hours
what is the purpose of seminal vesicles
to produce a fluid with fructose
what is the purpose of the fructose in seminal vesicle fluid
it provides energy for the sperm and prostaglandins
what do prostaglandins do
stimulate uterine contractions
what does the prostate gland produce
an alkaline fluid
what is the purpose of the prostate gland alkaline fluid
the help buffer the acidic pH in the vagina
what is produced by the bulbourethral glands
mucus
what is the function of the mucus produced by the bulbourethral glands
acts as a lubricant in the urethra
how is endocrine control regulated
negative feedback
what produces inhibin in the male reproductive system
Sertoli cells in the male testes
what produces inhibin in the female reproductive system
granulose cells in the female ovary
what is the function of the penis
organ used for sexual intercourse and urination
how can an erection be mediated
by mechanical stimulation through autonomic nervous system
what is the autonomic nervous system
parasympthetic nervous system
what is released during mechanical stimulation of an erection
nitric oxide
what part of the brain mediates an erection
cerebral cortex
what can cause an erection
visual, auditory, olfactory, or tacile stimuli
how does an erection take place
smooth muscles of the arteries relax, and signal a transduction cascade
what is produced by the transduction cascade
cyclic guanosine monophosphate
what does cGMP stand for
cyclic guanosine monophosphate
what happens in order for erectile dysfunction to occur
erectile tissue does not expand enough to compress the veins
how does viagra and other erectile dysfunction drugs work
it blocks the phosphodiesterase that breaks down cGPM
what is the purpose of the ovaries
to produce eggs and sex hormones
what are the sex hormones produced by th ovaries
estrogen, progesterone, and inhibin
what is the function of the oviducts
to move eggs, and to be a normal site of fertilization
what is the uterus
the normal site of embryo implantation and fetal development
what is the cervix
opening to the uterus that can dilate during childbirth
what is the vagina
organ for sexual intercourse and birth canal
what is the clitoris
erectile organ and site of intense sexual feeling
what does the ovary contain
many follicles
what is in ovarian follicles
oocyte
what is an oocyte
immature egg
how many follicles does the average female have
~300,000-400,000
when are follicles developed
prior to puberty
does follicle production stop?
yes, prior to puberty
on average, how many follicles mature in a lifetime
400
what is menarche
the beginning of puberty, when monthly cycles begin
what is menopause
the end of ovarian and uterine cycles
how many follicles mature each month
one
what causes the oocyte to be released each month
the follicle rupturing
what is ovulation
the monthly release of an oocyte from the ovary
where in GnRH produced
diffuse cell bodies of neurons originating in the hypothalamus
what does GnRH stand for
gonadotropin releasing hormone
how does GnRH reach the anterior pituitary gland
via the hypophyseal portal system
what does GnRH bind to
gonadotrophs
what are gonadotrophs
specialized cells that produced gonad stimulating hormones
what are the two main gonadotropins in the female reproductive system
Luteinizing hormone, and follicle stimulating hormone
what does the binding of GnRH and Gonadotrophs cause
the release of two gonadotropins
how is GnRH released
rhythmically, pulsatile
what does FSH do
supports the growth of the follicle
what does LH do
induces ovulation and support growth of the corpus luteum
what days are considered the follicular phase
day 1-14
what days are considered the luteal phase
day 15-28
what homeostasis mechanism does estrogen have
negative feedback
what homeostasis mechanism does progesterone have
negative feedback
what is estrogen’s effect of LH
it stimulates LH release
what is the effect of progesterone on LH
decreases the release of LH
what are the two phases of the uterine cycle
the proliferative phase and the secretory phase
what is estrogen responsible for during proliferative phase
for endometrial regeneration
how long does endometrial regeneration occur for
from day 1 of the cycle until mid cycle
what happens to the endometrium happen during the proliferative phase
it increases in thickness and vascularity
what is secreted right before ovulation
the cervix secretes protein and carbohydrate rich mucus
what is the purpose of the mucus secreted by the cervix
to facilitate entry of spermatozoa
what is the pH of the mucus secreted by the cervix
8-9
what secretes progesterone
the corpus luteum
what does progesterone do
it promotes the growth of the endometrium to facilitate implantation of a fertilized ovum
what happens if implantation of a fertilized ovum does not occur
menstruation
what occurs during menstruation
the corpus luteum degenerates, production of progesterone stops and the uterine lining sloughs off
what is secreted by an implanted ovum
human chorionic lining of the uterus during pregnancy
what does FSH do in females
induces development of ovarian follicles
what does LH do in females
induces estrogen and progesterone synthesis and continued follicular development
what does FSH do in males
initiates and maintains spermatogenesis
what does LH do in males
it stimulates androgen production in the interstitial cells of the testis
what occurs during day 1-5 of the uterine cycle
low level of estrogen and progesterone causes the inner uterine lining to disintegrate and menstruation occurs
what occurs during day 6-13 in the uterine cycle
increases in estrogen causes the endometrium to thicken
what occurs on day 14 of the uterine cycle
ovulation
what occurs on day 15-28 of the uterine cycle
increases in progesterone causes the endometrium to double or triple in thickness in preparation for the developing embryo
what is made by the embryo after an egg implants
human chorionic gonadotropin
what does HCG do
maintains corpus luteum and endometrium
what hormone does pregnancy tests detect
human chorionic gonadotropin
how long after fertilization does pregnancy occur
6-16 days after
what effect does pregnancy have on progesterone
progesterone remains elevated
what effect does pregnancy have on estrogen
estrogen levels are subdued
what are estrogen and progesterone levels affected during pregnancy
to support development of embryo implantation and placental development
what are five forms of birth control
abstinence, hormonal control, barrier methods, sterilization, and preven
how do birth control pills work
they are synthetic estrogen and progesterone which blocks FSH and LH release to stop follicular development and ovulation
how does contraceptive implants work
they are synthetic progesterone which prevents ovulation
what is an IUD
small plastic piece inserted into the uterus to prevent implantation
what is a diaphragm
soft latex cup that covers the cervix so sperm cannot enter the uterus
what are three types of barrier methods
IUD, condom, and a diaphragm
what are contraceptive injections
injection of progesterone to prevent ovulation
what is a vasectomy
cutting and sealing of the vas deferens
what is tubal ligation
cutting and sealing of the oviducts
what is preven
the morning after pill
what does preven work
upsets the normal uterine cycle so an embryo has a hard time implanting
what percent of effectiveness does preven have
85%
what is RU-486
type of morning after pill
how does RU-486 work
prevents or causes loss of an implanted embryo
what are the two types of birth control methods that protect against STIs
abstinence and use of condoms
what is a viral disease
a disease that cannot be treated with antibiotics
what are examples of viral STDs
HIV/AIDS
what is a bacterial disease
disease that can be treated with antibiotics
what is an example of a bacterial disease
chlamydia, gonorrhea, syphilis
what type of STI is a yeast infection
one that can be treated with antifungals
what are the steps of fertilization (this is a long answer)
Secretions from the female reproductive tract after the surface of the plasma membrane of the sperm
The sperm contacts the corona radiata, and enzymes spill out of the acrosomes
The enzymes disrupt cellular attachments, allowing passage of the sperm through the corona radiata and then the zona pellucida
The sperm contacts the plasma membrane of the secondary oocyte, and their plasma membranes fuse
The sperm enters the cytoplasm of the secondary oocyte
Granules near the plasma membrane of the secondary oocyte release their enzymes, causing the overlying zona pellucida to harden
The nucleus of the sperm and the nucleus of the egg fuse, and fertilization is completed
what is the pre embryonic development stage
1st week of development after fertilization
what is the embryonic development stage
2nd week after fertilization until the end of the 2nd month
what is the fetal development stage
the 3rd through the 9th months of development
how long is total human gestation
around 265-280 days
what are of the stages of life after birth
infancy, childhood, puberty, adolescent, adulthood, senescence
what are the four main processes of development
cleavage, growth, morphogenesis, and differentiation
what is the cleavage process
cells undergo mitotic division without embryo increasing in size
what is the growth stage
cells undergo mitotic division as well as increases in size
what is the morphogenesis stage
the embryo begins to take shape as cell migrate and sort out their psoitions
what is the differentiation stage
when cells take on specific structure and function
what are the first cells to specialize during the differentiation stage
trophoblast cells
what do trophoblast cells become apart of
the placenta
what is the first system that is specialized during differentiation stage
the nervous system
what are the four stages of pre embryonic development
cleavage, morula, blastula, and implantation
what is chorion
fetal half of the placenta
what is the placenta
the organ that provides the embryo with nourishment and gets rid of wastes
how does the placenta get rid of wastes
through exchange with the mothers blood
what is the function of the allantois
to give rise to the bladder and the blood vessels of the umbilical cord
what is carried in the umbilical cord
blood to and from the fetus
what is in the yolk sac
many blood vessels
where do blood cells first form
the yolk sac
what is the amnion
protective membrane and contains amniotic fluid
what is the purpose of the amniotic fluid
to cushion and protect the embryo
how does oxygen and nutrients get from the mother to the baby
they diffuse from pools of maternal blood into capillaries within the chorionic vili, and go to the fetus via vessels in the umbilical cord
what is morula
a compact ball of embryonic cells
how many cells are in morula
32
what is a blastocyst
creation of inner cell mass that becomes the embryo and is covered by a layer of cells that later becomes the chorion
what does the blastula do around day 6-16 after fertilization
it embeds into the uterus
what are the three primary germ layers
ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm
what sex is XX
female
what sex is XY
male
what occurs if the SRY gene is present
around week 6, the embryo begins to develop into a male
what is the purpose of the anti-mullerian hormone
it prevents the development of female sex organs
what secretes anti-mullerian hormone
the testes
what is developing at week 14
primitive testes or ovaries with gametes
the development of male organs are dependent on which hormone
dihydrotestosterone
what produces dihydrotestosterone
the testes
what does the anti-mullerian hormone do
blocks the mullein duct growth
what are the three stages of birth
dilation, expulsion, placenta
how long does birth last
around 1 hour
what causes water to break
cervix dilates to 10 cm
what homeostasis mechanism is used for hormonal regulation of birth
positive feedback
why is positive feedback used
to amplify the response
what homeostasis mechanism is used for lactation
positive feedback
