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HSCI 100 > The Nervous System > Flashcards

The Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

what are the two types of cells in the nervous system

A

neurons and neuroglia

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2
Q

what is a neuron

A

nerve cell is an electrically excitable cell that communicates with other cell

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3
Q

how do neurons communicate with other cells

A

via specialized connections called synapses

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4
Q

what is the main component of nervous tissue in all animals

A

neurons

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5
Q

what is gilia

A

non-neuronal cells in the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system that do not produce electrical impulses.

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6
Q

what is gilia also called

A

glial cells or neuroglia

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7
Q

what is the purpose of gilia

A

to maintain homeostasis for nervous tissues so that they can function normally

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8
Q

what are the two parts of the nervous system

A

central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system

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9
Q

what makes up the central nervous system

A

brain and spinal cord

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10
Q

what brings information to the CNS

A

afferent neurons

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11
Q

what sends information from the CNS

A

efferent neurons

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12
Q

what is the cell body of a neuron

A

main part of cell where organelles and nuclei reside

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13
Q

what is the dendrite of a neuron

A

many short extensions that carry impulses to a cell body

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14
Q

what is an axon

A

single long extension that carries impulses away from the cell body

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15
Q

what is a ganglion

A

a cluster of nerve cells

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16
Q

where are ganglions found

A

within the peripheral nervous system

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17
Q

what is a nucleus of a neuron

A

cluster of nerve cell bodies

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18
Q

where is a nucleus found

A

within the central nervous system

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19
Q

what is commonly referred to as a cluster of axons

A

nerve or nerve fiber

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20
Q

what is a myelin sheath

A

A lipid covering on long axons

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21
Q

what is the purpose of myelin sheath

A

to increase the speed of nerve impulse conduction, insulation, and regeneration

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22
Q

what type of cell are Schwann Cells

A

neuroglia

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23
Q

what are Schwann cells

A

the cells that make up myelin sheath in the PNS

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24
Q

what are oligodendrocytes

A

the cells that make up the myelin sheath in the CNS

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25
Q

what is the difference between oligodendrocytes and Schwann Cells

A

Oligodendrocytes are only in the CNS, and Schwann Cells are only in the PNS

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26
Q

what are nodes of ranvier

A

gaps between myelination on the axons

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27
Q

what is saltatory conduction

A

conduction of the nerve impulse from node to node

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28
Q

what is the rate of saltatory conduction

A

hundreds of meters per second

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29
Q

what are nerve impulses

A

electrical signals

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30
Q

how do ions move inside and outside the cell

A

by diffusion

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31
Q

when does resting potential occur

A

when the axon is not conducting a nerve impulse

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32
Q

what do Na ions do during resting potential

A

Na ions become more concentrated on the outside of the cell membrane

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33
Q

what do K ions do during resting potential

A

K ions become more concentrated on the inside of the cell

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34
Q

what do gated channels mean

A

that they open under the appropriate signals

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35
Q

what is the charge inside the axon during resting potential

A

-65 to -70mV

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36
Q

what is action potential

A

rapid change in the axon membrane ion balance that allows a nerve impulse to occur

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37
Q

what is the initial trigger of action potential

A

chemical signal or a voltage change

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38
Q

what way does action potential occur

A

in an all or nothing fashion

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39
Q

what needs to happen for action potential to occur

A

the chemical signal has to exceed threshold

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40
Q

what happens during action potential

A

sodium gates open letting Na open, potassium gates open letting K out

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41
Q

what occurs due to the Na+ gates opening

A

depolarization

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42
Q

how does the sodium gates affect the charge of the axon

A

the interior of the axon loses the negative charge, and goes up to about +40mV

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43
Q

what occurs due to potassium gates opening

A

repolarization

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44
Q

how does the potassium gates effect the charge of the axon

A

the interior of the axon regains the negative charge, going down to -65mV

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45
Q

how is resting potential created and maintained

A

by moving K inside and Na outside

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46
Q

what occurs after the potassium gates open

A

wave of depolarization/repolarization travel down the axon

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47
Q

what are the steps of action potential

A

cell membrane brought to threshold,
change in potential opens voltage gated Na ion channels,
Na moves into cell don it electrochemical gradient,
change in membrane potenital opens voltage gated K channels,
Na and K pump restores ion concentrations to normal

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48
Q

what is a synapse

A

a small gap between the sending neuron and the receiving neuron

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49
Q

what is the sending neuron also called

A

presynaptic membrane

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50
Q

what is the receiving membrane also called

A

postsynaptic membrane

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51
Q

where does transmission accomplished

A

across the synapse gap

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52
Q

how is transmission accomplished

A

through the synapse gap using a neurotransmitter as a signal

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53
Q

what are examples of chemical messengers

A

acetylcholine, adrenaline, dopamine, serotonin

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54
Q

where are neurotransmitters made

A

in neuronal cells

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55
Q

where are neurotransmitters stored

A

in synaptic vesicles in the axon terminals

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56
Q

how does transmission across the synapse occur

A

nerve impulse reaches the axon terminal,
calcium ions enter the axon terminal and stimulate the synaptic vesicles to fuse with presynaptic membrane,
neurotransmitters are released and diffuse across the synapse

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57
Q

what is integration

A

the summation of the inhibitory and excitatory signal received by a postsynaptic neuron

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58
Q

why does synaptic integration occur

A

because a neuron receives many signals - and this can be integrated over space and over time

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59
Q

what protects the central nervous system

A

bones, meninges, blood, and cerebrospinal fluid

60
Q

what does the central nervous system consist of

A

brain and spinal cord

61
Q

how does bone protect the CNS

A

skull and vertebral column

62
Q

how does meninges protect the CNS

A

3 protective membranes wrap around the spinal cord

63
Q

where is cerebrospinal fluid found

A

in the space between meninges

64
Q

how does cerebrospinal fluid protect the CNS

A

the fluid fills space between meninges that cushions and protects the CNS

65
Q

where is cerebrospinal fluid less commonly found

A

chambers in the brain called ventricles

66
Q

how does blood protect the CNS

A

acts as a brain barrier

67
Q

what is the brain barrier created by

A

endothelial cells

68
Q

what is the function of endothelial cells

A

they act as gatekeepers to prevent biomolecules from reaching the brain in an unregulated fashion

69
Q

what supports endothelial cells

A

astrocytes and astroglia

70
Q

what makes it difficult for drugs to get to the brain

A

endothelial cells within the brain barrier of blood

71
Q

what is the spinal cord

A

cord that extends from the base of the brain and along the length of vertebral canal formed by the vertebrae

72
Q

what is the function of the spinal cord

A

to provide communication between the brain and most of the body

73
Q

the spinal cord is the centre for…

A

reflex arcs

74
Q

what is in the centre of the spinal cord

A

grey matter

75
Q

what shape is the grey matter in the spinal cord

A

butterfly

76
Q

what surrounds the grey matter

A

white matter

77
Q

what is the function of the cerebral cortex

A

centre for primary motor and sensory areas of the cortex, contains association areas and processing centers

78
Q

what is the cerebrum divided into

A

cerebral hemispheres and lobes

79
Q

what connection does the cerebrum include

A

a connection between 2 hemispheres corpus callosum

80
Q

what does the left hemisphere specialize in

A

language, math, logic operations, and the processing of serial sequences of information and visual and auditory details

81
Q

what are the three functions of the left hemisphere

A

verbal, analytical, and specifics

82
Q

what does the right hemisphere specialize in

A

pattern recognition, spatial relationships, nonverbal ideation, emotional processing and the parallel processing of information

83
Q

what are the three main functions of the right hemisphere

A

visual, intuitive, and global

84
Q

what is the cerebrum

A

the largest portion of the brain

85
Q

what are the 4 lobes of the brain

A

frontal lobe, temporal lobe, parietal lobe, and occipital lobe

86
Q

what is the function of the frontal lobe

A

primary motor area and conscious thought

87
Q

what is the function of the temporal lobe

A

primary auditory, smell and speech area

88
Q

what is the function of the parietal lobe

A

primary somatosensory and taste area

89
Q

what is the function of the occipital lobe

A

primary visual area

90
Q

what is the cerebral cortex

A

the thin, outer layer of grey matter

91
Q

what does the primary motor area control

A

voluntary skeletal muscle

92
Q

what does the primary somatosensory area control

A

sensory information from skeletal muscle and skin

93
Q

what occurs in association areas

A

integration

94
Q

what is an example of integration in association areas

A

face recognition

95
Q

what does the processing centres focus on

A

performing higher level integration and it generates analytical function

96
Q

what is the hypothalamus

A

part of the brain that helps maintain homeostasis and controls pituitary gland

97
Q

what are examples of things that the hypothalamus regulates

A

hunger, sleep, thirst, body temperature, and water balance

98
Q

what are the three other important brain centres

A

thalamus, epithalamus, and subthalamus

99
Q

what is the cerebellum known as

A

the small brain

100
Q

what does the cerebellum do

A

receives and integrates sensory input from the eyes, ears joints, and muscles about current position of the body

101
Q

what is the function of the cerebellum

A

maintains posture, coordinates and refines voluntary movement, allows learning of new motor skills

102
Q

what are the three parts of the brain stem

A

pons, medulla oblongata, reticular system

103
Q

what is the pons

A

a bridge between cerebellum and the CNS

104
Q

what is the function of the pons

A

regulates breathing rate, and acts as the reflex centre for head movement

105
Q

what is the function of the medulla oblongata

A

acts as reflex centres for regulating breathing, heartbeat, and blood pressure

106
Q

what is the functions of the reticular system

A

it activates higher brain centres and can filter out stimuli

107
Q

what is an example of the function of the reticular system

A

“working” on your phone, checking Facebook during lectures

108
Q

what is memory

A

the ability to hold a thought or to recall past events

109
Q

what is short term memory

A

retention of information for only a few minutes

110
Q

what is long term memory

A

retention of information for more than a few minutes

111
Q

what are the two types of long term memory

A

episodic memory and semantic memory

112
Q

what is episodic memory

A

retention of people and events

113
Q

what is semantic memory

A

rentention of numbers, words, and language

114
Q

what influences the transfer of information from short term to long term

A

emotional stress, and association with previously stored information

115
Q

what enhances the transfer of information from short term to long term memory

A

repetition

116
Q

what is skill memory

A

performing skilled motor acitivites

117
Q

what are the five higher mental functions

A

memory, short term memory, long term memory, skill memory, and learning

118
Q

how does learning occur

A

when we recall and use past memories

119
Q

what are memories a result of

A

persistently reactivated circuits in the brain

120
Q

what is long term potentiation

A

neuron activity can alter neuron protein function and synapse strength in stable ways, allowing past events to alter future function

121
Q

what area of the brain is involved with short term memory

A

hippocampus

122
Q

what area of the brain is involved with long term memory

A

cerebral cortex

123
Q

what are the four hyper developed human traits

A

cognition, intelligence, language, and sociality

124
Q

what are the two main divisions of the PNS

A

somatic division and autonomic division

125
Q

what does the somatic division focus on

A

serves the skin, skeletal muscles, and tendons

126
Q

what are automatic responses

A

reflexes

127
Q

what is the function of the autonomic division

A

to regulate the activity of involuntary muscles and glands

128
Q

what are thee two types of involuntary muscle that is regulated in the PNS

A

cardiac muscle and smooth muscle

129
Q

what are the two divisions of the autonomic division

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic

130
Q

what does the sympathetic division do

A

coordinates the body for the fight or flight response

131
Q

how does the sympathetic division prepare us for fight or flight

A

by speeding up metabolism, heart rate, and breathing to improve skeletal muscle readiness while down regulating other functions

132
Q

what is the function of the parasympathetic division

A

to counter the sympathetic system by brining up a relaxed state

133
Q

what does the parasympathetic system bring up a relaxed state

A

by slowing down metabolism, heart rate, and breathing, and returning other functions to normal

134
Q

what are the functions effected by both sympathetic and parasympathetic systems

A

DIgestive system and excretory system

135
Q

What is the difference between mammalian in PNS to CNS

A

in PNS, it has some ability to repair and regenerate itself, while in the CNS is does not or is extremely limited

136
Q

New nerve cells have been found in…

A

the hippocampus

137
Q

how can treatment for damage to the CNS be advanced on

A

research on nerve cell development and neural stem cells

138
Q

why must new cells have arisen from stem cells

A

mature human brain cells cannot undergo cell division

139
Q

sensory neons collect information from what?

A

external and internal enviroments

140
Q

how do sensory neurons relay informations

A

through interneurons, to other parts of the nervous system

141
Q

what do motor neurones do

A

execute command or output from the nervous system to muscles and glands

142
Q

what is the function of myelin sheath

A

they act as insulators during nerve impulse transmission down the axon

143
Q

what type of cell make up white matter in the CNS

A

nerves with myelin sheaths

144
Q

where does the CNS receive nutrients

A

from the cerebrospinal fluid

145
Q

what is the largest part of the human brain

A

the cerebrum

HSCI 100 (6 decks)

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