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HSCI 100 > The Immune System > Flashcards

The Immune System Flashcards

1
Q

what are the most common infectious microbes

A

bacteria and viruses

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2
Q

what are microbes that cause disease called

A

pathogens

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3
Q

when does a microbe become infectious

A

when it finds a tissue inside the body that will support its growth

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4
Q

when does a microbe become contagious

A

when it can speed from one organism to another

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5
Q

what are the two main functions of the lymphatic system

A

returns issue fluids to bloodstream, and protects against infection and disease

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6
Q

what are primary lymphatic organs

A

red bone marrow and thymus gland

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7
Q

where are immature T cells stored

A

in bone marrow

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8
Q

where do mature T cells move

A

to the thymus

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9
Q

what type of T cells become active

A

ones that recognize “non self” antigens

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10
Q

what are the secondary lymphatic organs

A

lymph nodes, spleen, Peyer’s patches, tonsils, and appendix

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11
Q

what cells are found in hemopoietic tissues

A

T cell precursor, hemopoietic stems cells, and bone marrow lymphocyte

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12
Q

what cells are found in the thymus

A

thymus lymphocyte

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13
Q

what cells are found in the peripheral lymphoid organs

A

T cells, and B cells

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14
Q

what type of response does a T cell have

A

cell- mediated immune response

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15
Q

what type of response does a B cell have

A

antibody response

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16
Q

how many lines of defense are in the immune system

A

3

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17
Q

what is the first line of defense

A

non-specific physical and chemical surface barriers

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18
Q

what is the second line of defense

A

nonspecific internal cellular and chemical defense

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19
Q

what is the third line of defense

A

the immune response

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20
Q

what lines of defense are innate

A

the first and second

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21
Q

what line of defences adaptive acquired defences

A

the third

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22
Q

what activates the second line of defense

A

if a pathogen penetrates barriers of line one

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23
Q

what activates the third line of defense

A

if a pathogen survives no-specific internal defences of the second line

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24
Q

what are the seven sections of the first line of defence

A

tears, skin, salvia, large intestine, bladder, respiratory tract, and stomach

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25
Q

how do tears act as a line of defense

A

they wash away irritating substances and microbes, lysozyme kills many bacteria

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26
Q

how does skin act as a line of defense

A

provides a physical barrier to the entrance of microbes, acidic pH discourages growth of organisms, and sweat and oil gland secretions kill many bacteria

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27
Q

how does the large intestine act as a line of defence

A

normal bacterial inhabitants keep invaders in check

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28
Q

how does saliva act as a line of defence

A

it washes microbes form the teeth and mucous membranes of the mouth

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29
Q

how does the respiratory tract act as a line of defence

A

mucus traps organisms, and cilia sweep away trapped organisms

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30
Q

how does the stomach act as a line of defence

A

acid kills organisms

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31
Q

how does the bladder act as a line of defence

A

urine washes microbes from urethra

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32
Q

what type of response does innate immunity have

A

a rapid response

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33
Q

what type of response does adaptive immunity have

A

a slow response

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34
Q

what cells are involved in innate immunity

A

granulocytes, complement protein, natural killer cell, macrophage, dendrite cell, mast cell, natural killer T cell, and T cell

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35
Q

what cells are involved in adaptive immunity

A

B cell, antibodies, T cell, and Natural killer T cell

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36
Q

what makes on the internal front line of the second line of defense

A

cells, proteins, and chemicals

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37
Q

what blood cells are involved in the second line of defense

A

phagocytic white blood cells

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38
Q

what is extravasation/diapedesis

A

white blood cells leaving circulation and moving into tissue

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39
Q

what cells are important for the inflammatory response

A

mast cells, dendritic cells

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40
Q

what cells are antigen presenting cells

A

macrophage, and dendritic cell

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41
Q

what type of cell is a histamine

A

mast cell

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42
Q

what cells arrive first in the second line of defence

A

neutrophils

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43
Q

what cells destroy infected cells/cancerous cells

A

natural killer cell

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44
Q

how does macrophage get rid of a pathogen

A

it engulfs the pathogen and digests it

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45
Q

what is MHC

A

a marker of identification

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46
Q

what does the macrophage do have engulfing the pathogen

A

places a piece of the invader on its surface with the self marker

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47
Q

what is an antigen

A

a molecule that the immune system recognizes as a specific foe

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48
Q

what does an antigen do

A

triggers immune response

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49
Q

what type of molecules are antigens

A

proteins, polysaccharides, and nucleic acids

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50
Q

what does MHC stand for

A

major histocompatibility complex

51
Q

what are the functions of MHC

A

allows immune systems to distinguish self from non self, and allows cells to display antigen fragments on their cell surface

52
Q

what is class I of MHC

A

normal body cells

53
Q

what is class II of MHC

A

certain immune cells

54
Q

what are the type of proteins involved in the second line of defense

A

interferons, complement

55
Q

what is the role of the interferon

A

to attract macrophages and Natural killer cells

56
Q

what is the complement proteins functions

A

to form holes in the cell wall and membrane of the bacterium

57
Q

what are the four chemicals involved in the second line of defense

A

histamine, prostaglandins, bradykinin, pyrogens

58
Q

what is the function of histamines

A

increases capillary permeability

59
Q

what do histamines cause

A

vasodilation

60
Q

what releases histamines

A

basophils, and mast cells

61
Q

what do bradykinin cells cause

A

vasodilation

62
Q

what do bradykinin cells increase

A

capillary permeability

63
Q

what do bradykinin cells stimulate

A

stimulate sensory neurones, contributing to pain

64
Q

what do pyrogens increase

A

body temperature set point

65
Q

what do prostaglandins cause

A

vasodilation

66
Q

what do prostaglandins contribute to

A

a fever

67
Q

what do prostaglandins increase

A

capillary permeability

68
Q

what are the 4 hallmark symptoms of inflammation

A

redness, swelling, heat, and pain

69
Q

what does increased blood flow cause

A

increase blood flow increases the temperature that inhibits some pathogens, and it brings more white blood cells

70
Q

what does pus consist on

A

dead neutrophils

71
Q

what happens if neutrophils cannot control damage

A

cytokines will call in more white blood cells including macrophages

72
Q

what steps of the inflammatory response cause blood vessels to widen

A

redness and heat

73
Q

what are the functions of the third line of defense

A

helps protect us against specific pathogens when first and second lines of defense fail, and helps protect us against cancer

74
Q

what does the third line of defense rely on

A

recognition of an anitgen

75
Q

what is a the main trait of the third line of defense

A

it gains memory

76
Q

what do B cells do

A

produce plasma cells and memory cells

77
Q

what do plasma cells do

A

produce specific antibodies

78
Q

what do memory cells do

A

they are ready to produce antibodies in the future

79
Q

what do T cells do

A

regulate immune response; produce cytotoxic T cells and Helper T cells

80
Q

what do cytotoxic T cells do

A

kill virus infected cells and cancer cells

81
Q

what do helper T cells do

A

regulate immunity

82
Q

what do memory T cells do

A

they get ready to kill in the future

83
Q

what is a TCR

A

a unique receptor on each T cell

84
Q

what is the function of TCR

A

to recognize an antigen with the help of an antigen presenting cell

85
Q

what does APC stand for

A

antigen presenting cell

86
Q

what is an example of a APC

A

a dendritic cell

87
Q

what does a APC do

A

engulfs an antigen, breaks it down into small peptides and presents them on its own cell surface

88
Q

after an infection has passed, what happens to helper T cells and cytotoxic T cells

A

they undergo apoptosis, leaving memory T cells

89
Q

what is the main function of Helper T cells (CD4)

A

to activate cytotoxic T cells and B cells

90
Q

what is the main function of cytotoxic T cells (CD8)

A

release performs and granzymes to kill infected host cells

91
Q

what is a BCR

A

a unique cell surface receptor on every B cell

92
Q

what is BCR commonly known as

A

an antibody or immunoglobulin

93
Q

what is clonal expansion

A

particular B cells divides and makes copies of itself which can further divide

94
Q

what causes clonal expansion

A

antigen bitning to antibody and the cytokines secreted by helper T cells

95
Q

what are most activated B cells

A

plasma cells that secrete antibodies

96
Q

after an infection has passed, what happens to plasma cells

A

they undergo apoptosis, leaving memory cells

97
Q

what is the result of memory cells

A

long term immunity

98
Q

what is the structure of antibodies

A

Y shaped protein assemblies

99
Q

what makes up the Y shaped protein assemblies

A

2 heavy chains, and 2 light chains, joined by disulphide bonds

100
Q

where can antigens bind on antibodies

A

the end of the two arms

101
Q

what are the names of the eight steps in the adaptive immune response

A

threat, detection, alert, alarm, building defences, defence, surveillance, withdrawal

102
Q

what occurs during the threat stage

A

a foreign cell or molecule has entered the body

103
Q

what occurs during the detection stage

A

macrophages detect and engulf the foreign cell or molecule and display an antigen fragment on their cell membrane

104
Q

what occurs during the alert stage

A

macrophage presents antigen to helper T cell and activates it

105
Q

what occurs during the alarm stage

A

helper T cells secreted chemicals to activate cytotoxic T cells and B cells

106
Q

what occurs during the building defences stage

A

cytotoxic T cells are activated and divide to make copies, and activated B cells form plasma cells and secrete antibodies

107
Q

what occurs during the defence stage

A

cytotoxic T cells destroy infected body cells, and antibodies specific to the antigen bind it and eliminate it

108
Q

what occurs during the surveillance stage

A

memory cells remain to provide swift response if exposed to the antigen again

109
Q

what occurs during the withdrawal stage

A

regulatory T cells shut down the immune response

110
Q

what is immunity

A

the ability to combat infectious diseases and cancer

111
Q

how can immunization be brought about

A

it can be naturally through an infection or artificially trough medical intervention

112
Q

what is an allergy

A

hypersensitivities to harmless substances such as pollen, food, or animal hair

113
Q

what causes an immediate allergic response

A

IgE antibodies

114
Q

what attaches to IgE antibodies

A

mast cells and basophils

115
Q

what happens when allergens attach to IgE molecules

A

histamine is released causing allergy symptoms

116
Q

what can lead to septic or anaphylactic shock

A

a widespread allergic and inflammatory response

117
Q

what is asthma

A

an overactive inflammatory response in the lungs which results n constricted airways

118
Q

what imitates delayed allergic responses

A

by memory T cells

119
Q

what is an example of a delayed allergic response

A

poison ivy

120
Q

what is an autoimmune disease

A

a disease in which cytotoxic T cells or antibodies attack the body’s own cells as if they foreign

121
Q

what are examples of autoimmune disorders

A

multiple sclerosis, lupus, diabetes

122
Q

what is a immunodeficiency disease

A

a disease in which the immune system is compromised and thus unable to defend the body against disease

123
Q

what is an example of immunodeficiency diseases

A

SCID, or AIDS

HSCI 100 (6 decks)

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