The Immune System Flashcards
1
Q
what are the most common infectious microbes
A
bacteria and viruses
2
Q
what are microbes that cause disease called
A
pathogens
3
Q
when does a microbe become infectious
A
when it finds a tissue inside the body that will support its growth
4
Q
when does a microbe become contagious
A
when it can speed from one organism to another
5
Q
what are the two main functions of the lymphatic system
A
returns issue fluids to bloodstream, and protects against infection and disease
6
Q
what are primary lymphatic organs
A
red bone marrow and thymus gland
7
Q
where are immature T cells stored
A
in bone marrow
8
Q
where do mature T cells move
A
to the thymus
9
Q
what type of T cells become active
A
ones that recognize “non self” antigens
10
Q
what are the secondary lymphatic organs
A
lymph nodes, spleen, Peyer’s patches, tonsils, and appendix
11
Q
what cells are found in hemopoietic tissues
A
T cell precursor, hemopoietic stems cells, and bone marrow lymphocyte
12
Q
what cells are found in the thymus
A
thymus lymphocyte
13
Q
what cells are found in the peripheral lymphoid organs
A
T cells, and B cells
14
Q
what type of response does a T cell have
A
cell- mediated immune response
15
Q
what type of response does a B cell have
A
antibody response
16
Q
how many lines of defense are in the immune system
A
3
17
Q
what is the first line of defense
A
non-specific physical and chemical surface barriers
18
Q
what is the second line of defense
A
nonspecific internal cellular and chemical defense
19
Q
what is the third line of defense
A
the immune response
20
Q
what lines of defense are innate
A
the first and second
21
Q
what line of defences adaptive acquired defences
A
the third
22
Q
what activates the second line of defense
A
if a pathogen penetrates barriers of line one
23
Q
what activates the third line of defense
A
if a pathogen survives no-specific internal defences of the second line
24
Q
what are the seven sections of the first line of defence
A
tears, skin, salvia, large intestine, bladder, respiratory tract, and stomach
25
how do tears act as a line of defense
they wash away irritating substances and microbes, lysozyme kills many bacteria
26
how does skin act as a line of defense
provides a physical barrier to the entrance of microbes, acidic pH discourages growth of organisms, and sweat and oil gland secretions kill many bacteria
27
how does the large intestine act as a line of defence
normal bacterial inhabitants keep invaders in check
28
how does saliva act as a line of defence
it washes microbes form the teeth and mucous membranes of the mouth
29
how does the respiratory tract act as a line of defence
mucus traps organisms, and cilia sweep away trapped organisms
30
how does the stomach act as a line of defence
acid kills organisms
31
how does the bladder act as a line of defence
urine washes microbes from urethra
32
what type of response does innate immunity have
a rapid response
33
what type of response does adaptive immunity have
a slow response
34
what cells are involved in innate immunity
granulocytes, complement protein, natural killer cell, macrophage, dendrite cell, mast cell, natural killer T cell, and T cell
35
what cells are involved in adaptive immunity
B cell, antibodies, T cell, and Natural killer T cell
36
what makes on the internal front line of the second line of defense
cells, proteins, and chemicals
37
what blood cells are involved in the second line of defense
phagocytic white blood cells
38
what is extravasation/diapedesis
white blood cells leaving circulation and moving into tissue
39
what cells are important for the inflammatory response
mast cells, dendritic cells
40
what cells are antigen presenting cells
macrophage, and dendritic cell
41
what type of cell is a histamine
mast cell
42
what cells arrive first in the second line of defence
neutrophils
43
what cells destroy infected cells/cancerous cells
natural killer cell
44
how does macrophage get rid of a pathogen
it engulfs the pathogen and digests it
45
what is MHC
a marker of identification
46
what does the macrophage do have engulfing the pathogen
places a piece of the invader on its surface with the self marker
47
what is an antigen
a molecule that the immune system recognizes as a specific foe
48
what does an antigen do
triggers immune response
49
what type of molecules are antigens
proteins, polysaccharides, and nucleic acids
50
what does MHC stand for
major histocompatibility complex
51
what are the functions of MHC
allows immune systems to distinguish self from non self, and allows cells to display antigen fragments on their cell surface
52
what is class I of MHC
normal body cells
53
what is class II of MHC
certain immune cells
54
what are the type of proteins involved in the second line of defense
interferons, complement
55
what is the role of the interferon
to attract macrophages and Natural killer cells
56
what is the complement proteins functions
to form holes in the cell wall and membrane of the bacterium
57
what are the four chemicals involved in the second line of defense
histamine, prostaglandins, bradykinin, pyrogens
58
what is the function of histamines
increases capillary permeability
59
what do histamines cause
vasodilation
60
what releases histamines
basophils, and mast cells
61
what do bradykinin cells cause
vasodilation
62
what do bradykinin cells increase
capillary permeability
63
what do bradykinin cells stimulate
stimulate sensory neurones, contributing to pain
64
what do pyrogens increase
body temperature set point
65
what do prostaglandins cause
vasodilation
66
what do prostaglandins contribute to
a fever
67
what do prostaglandins increase
capillary permeability
68
what are the 4 hallmark symptoms of inflammation
redness, swelling, heat, and pain
69
what does increased blood flow cause
increase blood flow increases the temperature that inhibits some pathogens, and it brings more white blood cells
70
what does pus consist on
dead neutrophils
71
what happens if neutrophils cannot control damage
cytokines will call in more white blood cells including macrophages
72
what steps of the inflammatory response cause blood vessels to widen
redness and heat
73
what are the functions of the third line of defense
helps protect us against specific pathogens when first and second lines of defense fail, and helps protect us against cancer
74
what does the third line of defense rely on
recognition of an anitgen
75
what is a the main trait of the third line of defense
it gains memory
76
what do B cells do
produce plasma cells and memory cells
77
what do plasma cells do
produce specific antibodies
78
what do memory cells do
they are ready to produce antibodies in the future
79
what do T cells do
regulate immune response; produce cytotoxic T cells and Helper T cells
80
what do cytotoxic T cells do
kill virus infected cells and cancer cells
81
what do helper T cells do
regulate immunity
82
what do memory T cells do
they get ready to kill in the future
83
what is a TCR
a unique receptor on each T cell
84
what is the function of TCR
to recognize an antigen with the help of an antigen presenting cell
85
what does APC stand for
antigen presenting cell
86
what is an example of a APC
a dendritic cell
87
what does a APC do
engulfs an antigen, breaks it down into small peptides and presents them on its own cell surface
88
after an infection has passed, what happens to helper T cells and cytotoxic T cells
they undergo apoptosis, leaving memory T cells
89
what is the main function of Helper T cells (CD4)
to activate cytotoxic T cells and B cells
90
what is the main function of cytotoxic T cells (CD8)
release performs and granzymes to kill infected host cells
91
what is a BCR
a unique cell surface receptor on every B cell
92
what is BCR commonly known as
an antibody or immunoglobulin
93
what is clonal expansion
particular B cells divides and makes copies of itself which can further divide
94
what causes clonal expansion
antigen bitning to antibody and the cytokines secreted by helper T cells
95
what are most activated B cells
plasma cells that secrete antibodies
96
after an infection has passed, what happens to plasma cells
they undergo apoptosis, leaving memory cells
97
what is the result of memory cells
long term immunity
98
what is the structure of antibodies
Y shaped protein assemblies
99
what makes up the Y shaped protein assemblies
2 heavy chains, and 2 light chains, joined by disulphide bonds
100
where can antigens bind on antibodies
the end of the two arms
101
what are the names of the eight steps in the adaptive immune response
threat, detection, alert, alarm, building defences, defence, surveillance, withdrawal
102
what occurs during the threat stage
a foreign cell or molecule has entered the body
103
what occurs during the detection stage
macrophages detect and engulf the foreign cell or molecule and display an antigen fragment on their cell membrane
104
what occurs during the alert stage
macrophage presents antigen to helper T cell and activates it
105
what occurs during the alarm stage
helper T cells secreted chemicals to activate cytotoxic T cells and B cells
106
what occurs during the building defences stage
cytotoxic T cells are activated and divide to make copies, and activated B cells form plasma cells and secrete antibodies
107
what occurs during the defence stage
cytotoxic T cells destroy infected body cells, and antibodies specific to the antigen bind it and eliminate it
108
what occurs during the surveillance stage
memory cells remain to provide swift response if exposed to the antigen again
109
what occurs during the withdrawal stage
regulatory T cells shut down the immune response
110
what is immunity
the ability to combat infectious diseases and cancer
111
how can immunization be brought about
it can be naturally through an infection or artificially trough medical intervention
112
what is an allergy
hypersensitivities to harmless substances such as pollen, food, or animal hair
113
what causes an immediate allergic response
IgE antibodies
114
what attaches to IgE antibodies
mast cells and basophils
115
what happens when allergens attach to IgE molecules
histamine is released causing allergy symptoms
116
what can lead to septic or anaphylactic shock
a widespread allergic and inflammatory response
117
what is asthma
an overactive inflammatory response in the lungs which results n constricted airways
118
what imitates delayed allergic responses
by memory T cells
119
what is an example of a delayed allergic response
poison ivy
120
what is an autoimmune disease
a disease in which cytotoxic T cells or antibodies attack the body's own cells as if they foreign
121
what are examples of autoimmune disorders
multiple sclerosis, lupus, diabetes
122
what is a immunodeficiency disease
a disease in which the immune system is compromised and thus unable to defend the body against disease
123
what is an example of immunodeficiency diseases
SCID, or AIDS
