The triple burden of malnutrition

Question 1

How is obesity defined

Answer 1

BMI over 30

Question 2

Health consequences of obesity

Answer 2

Noncommunicable diseases
Diabets 2
Heart conditions
Bad bone health
Cancer rsik
Affected reprodction
Quality of living decreases
Early death

Question 3

How did obesity rates change globally during the last 45 years?

Answer 3

Worldwide adult obesity has more than doubled since 1990, and adolescent obesity has quadrupled.
Normalisation of increased kilocalorie intake
Expending less energy
Globalisation rapidly expanding fast food market
Urbanisation and changed diet → fast food

Question 4

What is the role of evolution in this change in obesity rates?

Answer 4

Drifty gene hypothesis
Thrifty gene hypothesis

Question 5

Drift gene hypothesi

Answer 5

Allels that predispose obesity have been spread by genetic drift
Current obesity pandemic is bc of the loss of selective pressure
Revolutionary relaxation and lack of predation explain the moder n obesity pandemic

Question 6

Thrifty gene hypothesis

Answer 6

In the past, the genes repsonsivle for high fat deposition to prepare for the famine were advantageous
Now some still have these genes and are waiting for a famine that will never come

Question 7

Why the thrifty gene hypothesis is flawed

Answer 7

We did not inherit obesity mutations in thrift geenes
Then we would all be obese
Inconsistent famine evidence
Obesity not necesarily advantageous for famine s
Famine infertility affects both obese and lean

Question 8

What other factors have contributed to the change in obesity rates?

Answer 8

Ibalance of energy intake
Imbalance of energy expenditure
Obesogenic environments
Genetic variations
Structural factors
Availability of healthcare
Affordable good food
Lack of safe and easy mobility
Global trade libealisation
Urbanisation climate change

Question 9

Epidemiology

Answer 9

Uses values, statistics etc to analyse/interpet health phenomena
→ counts, proportions, rates, prevalence tec

Question 10

Importance of nutrition

Answer 10

Physical and intellectual health and development

Question 11

malnutrition

Answer 11

Deficiencies, excess or imbalances in a persons intake of energy

Question 12

Food insecurity

Answer 12

When ppl lack secure access to sufficient amounts of safe and nutriocous food for normal growth and development

Question 12

undernoutrition

Answer 12

Wasting
Stunting
Underweight

Question 12

Overnourishment

Answer 12

overweight/ obese

Question 12

Stunting

Answer 12

Loe height for age –irreversible

Question 12

wasting

Answer 12

Low weight for height

Question 12

Micronutrient related malnutrition

Answer 12

Micronutrient deficienscies/ excess

Question 12

underweight

Answer 12

Low weight for age

Question 12

Wasting causes

Answer 12

Poor nutrition
Feeding practaces
Inadequate sanetary conditions

Question 12

Causes of stunting

Answer 12

Nutrional intake of child
Nutritional intake of mother during pregancy
Recurrence of infectious diseas
Infection from poor hygiene

Question 13

Stunting impact

Answer 13

Severe cognitive and physical development
4x more likely to die as a child
Reduces IQ
Earn 22% less

Question 14

Food insecurity causes

Answer 14

Unavailability of food
Unaffordibility of food
Unequal distribution of food between household members

Question 15

Micronutrient related malnutrition

Answer 15

Lack of essential nutrients like vitamines, minerals etc → hidden hunger

Question 16

Risk of micronutrient defect

Answer 16

Huge threat to preganant women and children
Poor physical and mental health
Vulnerability to deseas
Loss of productivity
Blindness

Question 17

Kwashiorkor

Answer 17

Severe form of malnutrition
Common when kids dont get enough protein or nutrients

Question 18

Food deserts

Answer 18

Low income community
No access to car
No easy access to grocery store

Question 18

Diarreah

Answer 18

Consequence of malnutrition
3rd largest cause of childmortality

Question 19

Social determinant sod undernoutrition

Answer 19

Household income
Womens education
Rural-urban divide

Question 20

Social determinants of micronutrient dfacy

Answer 20

Low income
Nutrition transition → globalisation, urbanisation,

Question 21

Solution to combat malnutrition globally

Answer 21

Empower families, kids to demand nutritious food
Economic incentive to produce better food
Healthy food environments
Access
Heathcare
Water
Sanitation
education

Question 21

Food swamps

Answer 21

Unhealthy otions overwhelm and underprice healthy options