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Basics of Life exam > The biomolecules and organelles of the eukaryotic cell > Flashcards

The biomolecules and organelles of the eukaryotic cell Flashcards

1
Q

Importance of organelles

A

crucial to the structure, homeostasis and metabolism of living organisms

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1
Q

Function of the nucleus

A

Contains most of the cells DNA
The cells control center
DNA replication, transcription and RNA precessing all take place here
Dreicts protein synthesis by synthesiszung mRNA according to instructions provided by DNA

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1
Q

DNA structure

A

DNA is packed into multiple chromosomes
Each chromosome contains one long DNA molecules associated w many proteins such as histones

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1
Q

Histones

A

Package DNA intro structural units → nucleosones
The main protein of chromatin

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1
Q

Chromatin

A

Combination of DNA and protein which makes up the contents of the nucleus
What chro,osomes are made of

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1
Q

Nucleosomes

A

One of the main structures that help keep our DNA folded up neatly and packed away
Also help unfold it

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1
Q

Nucleolus

A

Dense structure in wich ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is synthesized
In the cells nucleus
Produces and assemble ribosomes

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2
Q

Nuclear envelope

A

A double phospholipid membrane that encases the nucleus
Pores allow info to defund into the nucleus
Transport of various molecules

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3
Q

Nucleic acids function

A

Nucleic acids store and transmit hereditary (genetic) information, i.e. the ‘code of life’
DNA and RNA

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4
Q

Purin

A

Adenin and Guanine

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5
Q

Pyrimidines

A

Cytosine and Thymin

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6
Q

A bonds to

A

T or U

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7
Q

C bonds to

A

G

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8
Q

Chemical difference between RNA and DNA

A

DNA: H→ 2- desoxyribose
RNA: OH at 2nd C→ ribose

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9
Q

Nucleotide structure

A

Nitrogenous base → a, c,g, t,,u
Sugar
Phosphate group

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10
Q

How is the nucleotide chain strcutured

A

DNA chain is antiparallel and complementary and double stranded

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11
Q

Antiparralel

A

the strands run in opposite directions, parallel to one another
3-5 and 5-3

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12
Q

Complementary

A

Base pair on one strand matches to the pase pair on the other

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13
Q

Double stranded

A

DNA consists of two strands that are held together thru hydrogen bonds (WBB)
A-T → 2 bonds

C-G → 3 bonds
The strands are complementary and antiparallel

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14
Q

The endoplamic reticulum (ER)

A

Network of enclosed structures
Is continuous w nuclear envelope
SER
RER

14
Q

mRNA

A

The genetic code is transferred via mRNA to the cytoplasm, where ribosomes translate the code into proteins
Messenger RNA

15
Q

The endomembrane system

A

ER
SER
RER
Golgi apparatus
Lysosomes

16
Q

SER Function

A

No ribosomes on outer surface
Synthesizes lipids, metabolism, carbs etc

17
Q

Lipids

A

Group of compounds that mix poorly or if at all with water
Fats → constructed from glycerol and 3 fatty acids
Phospholipids → transport between membranes
Steroids
function as energy source (fats), membrane components (phospholipids and cholesterol) or hormones (steroids)

18
Q

fats

A

energy sources

19
Q

phospholipids

A

membrane components

20
Q

steroids

A

hormones

21
Q

RER functions

A

makes secretory proteins via ribosomes and produces membranes
→ membranes consist of phospholipids

22
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

Stack of membranes that precesses and packages lipids or proteins to other locations either inside or outside of cell
Responsible for transorting,, modifying and packaging proteins and lipids into vesicles
Endo and extcitosis

23
Q

Endocytosis

A

cells move material into the cell, by pinching this material inward from the plasma membrane

24
Q

Exocytosis

A

cells move ,materials out of the cell it occurs through the fusion of the membrane-enclosed vesicle with the plasma membrane

25
Q

Lysosomes

A

Vesicles w enzymes that digest macromolecules
Floating garbage disposals
Digest
Materials taken into the cell thru phagocytosis
Intracellular materials from the cell that need to be disposed of (autography)

26
Q

Phagicytosis

A
  1. Lysosome contains active hydrolitic enzymes
  2. Lysosome fuses with the food vacuole
  3. Hydroloitic enzymes digest food particles
27
Q

Hydrolysis

A

A chemical reaction in which H2O breaks one or more chemical bonds

28
Q

Chloroplats

A
  • an organelle within the cells of plants and certain algae that is the site of photosynthesis
    -Contain chlorophyll which converts sunlight into energy to produce sugar fromCo2
    -Sites of photosynthesis
    -Solar energy is converted to chemical energy used to produce sugars from Co2
    -Principal sugar that is produces id glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P)
    -Contain DNA due to endosymbiosys theory
29
Q

Autophagy

A
  1. Lysosme fuses w vesicle containing damaged organelles
  2. Hydrolitic enzymes digest organesse components
30
Q

Endosymbionthys theory

A
  1. Inflodings in the plasma membrane of an ancestral prokaryote give rose to endomembrane components, including a nucleus and endoplasmatic reticulum
  2. In a first endosymbiontic event, the ancestral eukaryote consumed aerobic bacteria that evolved to the mitochondria
  3. In a second endosymbiontic event, the early eurkaryote consumed photosynthetic bacteria that evolved into chloroplats

→ why the mitochondria and chloroplats have some DNA

31
Q

Mitochondria

A

Contain Dna that functions separately
Powerhouse of the cell
Aerobic
Conversion of chemical energy stores in food into ATP

32
Q

Aerobic

A

Live w out oxygen→ cellular respiration

33
Q

Sugars

A

Sugars are made through photosynthesis in chloroplasts of plants, and are used as energy source and building blocks for all living organisms on Earth
Fuel and building material
In plants G3P is converted to
Glucose→ fuel for cellular respiration
Sucrose → disaccaride made of 2 mono, glucose and fructose, transported to various parts of the plant
Starch→ poly saccharide made of many monos, serves and energy storage of multiple glucose units

34
Q

Peroxisomes

A

Membrane-enclosed organelles that are importance in lipid metabolism amd conversion of harmful reactive oxygen species

34
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

responsible for organizing the shape and numerous activities of the cell
Allows vesicles and other organelles to walk along tracks

35
Q

3 type of molecular structure

A

Microtubes
Intermediate filaments
Micro filaments

36
Q

Centrosomes

A

Region where the cells microtubules are initiated, contains a pair of centrioles

37
Q

Microtubles

A

Longa nd stiff tubes consisting of protein tubulin
In animal cells that grow out from the centrosome, creating a transport system of tracks w in the cell

38
Q

Intermediate filaments

A

provide mechanical support for the cell. Intermediate filaments help anchor cells together, providing strength against tension.

39
Q

Micro filaments

A

assist with cell movement

40
Q

Proteins

A

formed by the coupling of amino acids, and exert a wide variety of functions

41
Q
A

Basics of Life exam (6 decks)

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