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Basics of Life exam > Human body systems > Flashcards

Human body systems Flashcards

1
Q

Four types of tissues

A

Epithelial
Connective
Nervous
Muscular

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2
Q

Epithelial tissue characteristics

A

Tissue composed of layers of closely spaced cells, covers organ surfaces, forms glands, and serves for protection, secretion, and absorption (e.g. epidermis, lining of digestive tract, liver, and other glands)

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3
Q

Types of epithelial tissue cells

A

flat cells or squamous cells
cube-shaped cells or cuboidal cells
tall and cylindrical ones or columnar cells

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4
Q

Connective tissue

A

Tissue with usually more matrix than cell volume, often specialized to support, bind, and protect organs (e.g. tendons, ligaments, cartilage, fat, bone, blood)

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5
Q

Ground substance

A

Material surrounding the cells within the matrix:

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5
Q

Types of connective tissues

A

Connective tissue proper
Bine tissue
Blood
Cartilage

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6
Q

Muscular tissue

A

Tissue composed of elongated, excitable cells specialsed for contraction and movement
Eg skeletal muscle, heart, walls of uterus, bladder, intestines

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7
Q

Nervous tissue

A

tissue containing excitable cells specialised for rapid transmission of information to other cells ( eg brain, spinal cord, nerves etc)

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8
Q

The 11 organ systems

A

Systems of protection, support and movement
-Skeletal system
-Muscular system
-Integumentary system
Systems of internal communication and integration
-Nervous system
-Endocrine system
Systems of fluid transport
-Circulatory system
-Lymphatic system
Systems of intake and output
-Respiratory system
-Urinary system
-Digestive system
Systems of reproduction
-male/ female reproductive system

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9
Q

Systems of protection support and movement

A

Skeletal system
Muscular system
Integumentary system

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10
Q

Systems of internal communication and integration

A

Nervous system
Endocrine system

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11
Q

Systems of fluid transport

A

Circulatory system
Lymphatic system
Respiratory system
Urinary system
Digestive system

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12
Q

Systems of reproduction

A

male/ female reproductive system

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13
Q

Skeletal system composition

A

composed of bones, cartilage, and ligaments joined tightly to form a strong, flexible framework for the body

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14
Q

Muscular function

A

Movement
Stability
Control of body openings and passages
Heat generation
Lets us perform movement and contraction of muscles

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14
Q

Skeletal functions

A

Support: bones of the limbs and vertebral column support the body, the mandi and maxilla support the teeth, and some viscera are supported by nearby bone

Protection: bones enclose and protect the brain, spinal cord, lungs, heart, and pelvic viscera

Movement: bones provide attachment and leverage for the muscular system, allowing for such actions as limb movement and ventilation of the lungs

Blood formation: red bone marrow is the major producer of blood cells

Storage: the skeleton is the body’s main reservoir of calcium and phosphorus, among other minerals

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15
Q

Muscular composition

A

Skeletal
Cardiac
Smooth

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15
Q

Smooth muscle

A

mooth muscle is involuntary, like cardiac
But, it lacks striations: this is why it is called smooth
Smooth muscle occurs in the walls of the blood vessels and many body-cavity organs (viscera), such as the respiratory, urinary, digestive, and reproductive organs: called visceral muscle

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16
Q

Cardiac msucle

A

involuntary (contracts automatically) and autorhythmic (has a self-maintained rhythm of contraction) → The rhythm is set by a pacemaker in the wall of the upper heart
→ heart to pump blood

17
Q

Integumetary system function

A

Resistance to trauma and infection:
Water retention:
Vitamin D synthesis
Sensation:
Thermoregulation:
Nonverbal communication:

18
Q

Integumetary system composition

A

two principal layers: a superficial epithelium, the epidermis and a deeper
connective tissue layer, the dermis
Between skin and muscles a looser connective tissue layer, the hypodermis

19
Q

CNS

A

The central nervous system (CNS): brain and spinal cord (enclosed and protected by cranium and vertebral column)
it carries out the integrative functions of the nervous system

19
Q

Nervous system functions

A

Sensory: the ability to respond to stimuli within and around the body, and generate signals that carry information about stimuli to spinal cord or brain
Integrative: the ability to receive and process information, store and retrieve it, and make decisions as to whether or how to respond to it
Motor: the ability to issue outgoing signals to muscle and gland cells to produce a response

19
Q

Nervous system composition

A

CNS and PNS

20
Q

PNS

A

The peripheral nervous system (PNS): nerves leading to and from the CNS
It provides the CNS with pathways of signal input and output, connecting it to the body’s sense organs, muscles, and glands
it carries out both sensory and motor functions

21
Q

Endocrine system components

A

hypothalamus, pituitary & pineal glands
Thyroid and parathyroid glands
Thymus
Adrenal glands
Pancreas
Ovary, placenta
Testicles

22
Q

Endocrine system functions

A

The endocrine signals are hormones, which induce changes in other parts of the body
Hormones have a wide variety of functions

23
Q

Circulatory system

A

Pulmonary and systematic circut that operate simultaneously

24
Q

Pulmonary system

A

: carries blood to the lungs for gas exchange and returns it to the heart, and

25
Q

Systematic circut

A

supplies blood to all organs of the body, including the lungs and the wall of the heart itself → It pumps blood into the largest artery, the aorta
Large circuit

26
Q

Blood vessels

A

Arteires, veins, cappilaries
Differ in direction of blood flow
- pressure they withstand
- corresponding histological structure of their walls

27
Q

Arteries

A

All vessels that carry blood away from the heart

28
Q

Veins

A

All vessels that carry blood back to the heart

29
Q

Capillaries

A

microscopic vessels connecting the smallest arteries to the smallest veins

30
Q

Lymph

A

fluid that the system collects from the tissues and returns to the bloodstream

30
Q

Lymphatic system

A
  1. Lymph:
  2. Lymphatic vessels
  3. Lymphatic tissue
  4. Lymphatic organs
31
Q

Lymphatic vessels

A

esemble veins and transport the lymph

31
Q

Repository system components

A

Nose to lungs
Upper respiratory track: nose to larynx
Lower: trachea to lungs

32
Q

Lymphatic tissue

A

loose aggregations of lymphocytes in the connective tissues of various
organs such as the digestive and respiratory tracts

33
Q

Lymphatic organs

A

structures enclosed in a fibrous capsule and containing organized masses
of lymphatic tissue (e.g. tonsils, thymus, spleen, and lymph nodes)

34
Q

Lymphatic system function

A

The lymphatic system forms our defense against pathogens (bacteria, viruses, fungi, etc):
A network of tissues, organs, and vessels:
recover tissue fluid, inspect and cleanse it of pathogens, activate immune responses, and return the fluid to the bloodstream

35
Q

Respiratory system functions

A

Gas exchange: oxygen enters blood and carbon dioxide leaves

Regulation of blood pH: altered by changing blood carbon dioxide levels

Voice production: movement of air past vocal folds makes sound and speech

Olfaction: smell occurs when airborne molecules drawn into nasal cavity

Protection: against microorganisms by preventing entry and removing them

36
Q

Uriary system

A

two kidneys, two ureters, the urinary bladder, and the urethra

36
Q

Function of kidneys

A

filter blood plasma and excrete toxic metabolic wastes
regulate blood volume and pressure
regulate the electrolyte and acid-base balance of body fluids
detoxify some drugs

37
Q

Digestive system

A

The digestive tract: a tube from mouth to anus (5 m)
mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine
Gastrointestinal (GI) tract: stomach and intestines

38
Q

Digesive system functions

A

The digestive system processes food, extracts nutrients from it, and eliminates the residue:
Ingestion: selective intake of food
Digestion: mechanical and chemical breakdown of food into a form usable by the body
Absorption: uptake of nutrient molecules into epithelial cells of digestive tract and then into blood or lymph
Compaction: absorption of water and consolidation of the indigestible residue into feces
Defecation: elimination of feces

39
Q

Reproductive system

A

In females: The ovaries are the female gonads, they produce egg cells (ova) and sex hormones
In males:
The testes (testicles) produce sex hormones and sperm, contained in the scrotum
The epididymis: site of sperm maturation and storage

Basics of Life exam (6 decks)

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