The tongue and oral cancer

Question 1

What are the intrinsic muscles of the tongue?

Answer 1

Superior longitudinal

Inferior longitudinal

Transverse

Vertical

Question 2

What are the extrinsic muscles of the tongue?

Answer 2

Genioglossus

Hyoglossus

Styloglossus

Palatoglossus

Question 3

What is the innervation of tongue muscles?

Answer 3

All hypoglossus nerve apart from palatoglossus which has vagal control

Question 4

How do a surgical and an emergency tracheosotomy differ?

Answer 4

Surgical - 2nd tracheal ring

Emergency - between cricoid cartilage and thyroid cartilage (adams apple)

Question 5

What makes up the vocal cords?

Answer 5

Folds of the mucous membranes of the larynx:

 - Superior - false vocal chords
 - Inferior - True vocal cords

Question 6

What is leuplakia?

Answer 6

White patch or plaque that cannot be scraped off

always considered pre-cancerous unless proven otherwise

Question 7

What is eryhroplakia?

Answer 7

Red velvety patches of epithelial atrophy and pronounced dysplasia

less common

Question 8

Which is more likely to become cancerous- Leuplakia or Erythroplakia?

Answer 8

Erythroplakia

Question 9

What forms of HPV commonly cause squamous cell carcinoma?

Answer 9

16 and 18

Question 10

Describe the developemtnal process of SCC of mouth

Answer 10

Normal 
hyperplasia 
mild dysplasia (leuplakia/erythroplakia)
Severe dysplasia
SCC