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Head, Neck and Neurological Systems > Brain/Head anatomy and Inury > Flashcards

Brain/Head anatomy and Inury Flashcards

1
Q

how long does short term memory last?

A

30 seconds

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2
Q

What is declarative memory and which parts of the brain attribute to its function?

A

Form of long term memory, split into:

  • Episodic is the memory of personal episode in time and space, involving the hippocampus, medial temporal lobe and neocortex
  • Semantic is the retention of facts, knowledge and meaning, involving the lateral and anterior temporal cortex, and the prefrontal cortex
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3
Q

What is non-declarative memory and which parts of the brain attribute to its function?

A

Form of long term memory, split into:

  • Procedural is skills and habits, involving th eprimary motor cortex and striatum cerebellum
  • Priming and perceptual learnign involves neocortex
  • Simple classical conditioning involves amygdala and cerebellum
  • non-associative learning uses reflex pathways
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4
Q

Where is social cognition regulated?

A

Frontal cortex

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5
Q

What areas of the brain are involved in the regulation of emotion and mood?

A
  • Hippocampus
  • Amygdala
  • Ventromedial prefrontal cortex
  • Dorsolateral prefrontal Cortex
  • Orbital prefrontal cortex
  • Anterior cingulate cortex
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6
Q

Function, Entry point and test of CN 1

A

Olfactory - smell
Cribiform plate
Different smells for each nostril individually

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7
Q

Function, Entry point and test of CN 2

A

Optic - sight
Optic canal
Snellen chart and visual fields

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8
Q

Function, Entry point and test of CN 3

A 
Oculomotor - eye movements
     - levator palebrae superioris
     - medial rectus
     - superior and inferior rectus
     - inferior oblique
     - sphincter papillae
Superior orbital fissure
H test and pupil dilation
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9
Q

Function, Entry point and test of CN 4

A

Trochlear - eye movement of superior oblique - move eye down
“LR6 SO4”
Superior orbital fissure
H test

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10
Q

Function, Entry point and test of CN 5

A

Trigeminal - muscles of mastication and sensation to face
Different branches leave in different positions:
- V1 Opthalmic - Superior orbital fissure
- V2 Maxillary - Foramen Rotundum
- V3- Mandibular - Foramen Ovale
Coton wool sensation, jaw reflex, mastication assessment

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11
Q

Function, Entry point and test of CN 6

A

Abducens - eye movement of lateral rectus - ABduct eye
“LR6 SO4”
Superior orbital fissure
H test

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12
Q

Function, Entry point and test of CN 7

A

Facial Nerve - Movement of facial expression and sensation to external ear, anterior 2/3 taste and secretion of saliva and tears
Internal acoustic meatus
Test taste and facial expressions

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13
Q

Function, Entry point and test of CN 8

A

Vestibulocochlear - hearing and balance
Internal acousic meatus
Rinnes (mastoid bone) and Webers (forehead) test

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14
Q

Function, Entry point and test of CN 9

A

Glossopharyngeal - posterior 1/3 taste, swallow and speech, sensory to carotid body and sinus
Jugular foramen
Gag reflex test

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15
Q

Function, Entry point and test of CN 10

A

Vagus - parasympathetic function, swallowing and speech
Jugular foramen
gag reflex and uvula deviation

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16
Q

Function, Entry point and test of CN 11

A

Spinal Accessory - movement of trapezius and sternocleidomastoid
Jugular foramen
test function of muscles (shoulder shrug and head turn)

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17
Q

Function, Entry point and test of CN 12

A

Hypoglossal - mottor innervation to muscles of the tongue
hypoglossal canal
fasciculations or weakness in tongue muscles (push against cheek)

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18
Q

What is the corpus collosum and what is its function

A

Connects cerebral hemispheres to allow communication between them

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19
Q

What is the function of the frontal lobe?

A

mood, reasoning, behaviour, movement

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20
Q

What is the function of the temporal lobes?

A

memory (hippocampus), hearing, semantics

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21
Q

What is the amygdala and what is its funtion?

A

Almond shaped neurons in temporal lobes responsible for processing and memory of emotional reactions

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22
Q

What is the function of the parietal lobes?

A

Sensory input of pain, pressure and temperature

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23
Q

What is the function of the occipital lobes?

A

Sight

24
Q

What is the function of the basal ganglia?

A

Coordination of gross, automatic muscle movements and regulation of muscle tone

25
Q

What makes up the basal ganglia?

A

Caudate nucleus
Putamen
Globus Pallidus externa
Globus Pallidus Interna

26
Q

What makes up the epithalamus and what is its function?

A

Pineal Gland - secretes melatonin (bio clock and sleepiness)

Habenular nuclei - emotional response to smell

27
Q

What is the function of the thalamus?

A

Relays all sensory information to cerebral cortex

has nuclei for vonultary motor actions and arousal

28
Q

What is the function of the Superior and Inferior Colliculi?

A

Superior- movement of eyes in response to visual and other stimuli

Inferior - movement of head and trunk in response to auditory stimuli

29
Q

What is the function of the cerebellum?

A

posture, Balance and coordination

30
Q

What areas of the brain control breathing?

A

Pneumotaxic and apneustic areas pons and Medulla

31
Q

List functions of the medulla oblongata

A

Regulaton of breathing, heartbeat and diameter of blood vessels

Swallowing, vomiting, coughing, sneezing, hiccoughing

32
Q

Describe the layers of the Skull

A 
"SCALP":
Skin
Connective tissue - dense
Apopneurosis
Loose connective tissue
Periosteum
33
Q

What is the pterion and what structure associates closely with it?

A

Site where temporal, parietal and frontal bones meet

Anterior branch of middle meningeal artery

34
Q

What is the danger of a depressed fracture?

A

Can come into contact with the brain

35
Q

What consitutes the make up of normal intracranial pressure?

A

Brain
Arterial Volume
CSF
Venous volume

36
Q

When ICP increases, what natural compensatory mechanisms take place?

A

Decrease of CSF and venous volume - these can adapt whilst the other two cant

37
Q

What is Cerebral Perfusion Pressure and how is it calculated?

A

represents pressure gradient driving cerebral flow and hence oxygen and metabolite delivery

= MAP - ICP

38
Q

Where is the emissary vein located and what is the clinical significance of this?

A

Within apopneurosis of scalp - increased risk of infection spread

39
Q

Name the arteries which make up the Cricle of willis

A

Receive from Internal jugular and basilar (from vertebral), producing:

  • anterior cerebral artery
  • middle cerebral artery
  • posterior cererbal artery (connected via posterior communicating artery)
40
Q

List the Venous Sinuses of the head

A

Cavernous
sigmoid
Superior and Inferior Sagital
Straight

41
Q

although not commonly used, what blood biomarker could be used to measure concussion?

A

SNTF - binds to protein and would normally travel down axon so builds up in damaged axons

42
Q

A patient present with a history of head injuries and short periods of unconsciousness followed by a lucid period before deterioration… what is the liekely diagnosis

A

Epidural haematoma

43
Q

List and describe the variations of cranial bleeds

A

Epidural haematoma - bleed betweendura mater and skull, commonly due to middle meningeal artery and pterion

Subdural haematoma - bleed between dura and arachnoid mater (subdural space), usually as a result of torn bridging veins (subdural sinuses).

Intracerebral haematoma - occurs within brain with blood spreading out from point of origin, possibly resulting in burst lobe

44
Q

Which haematoma is more common in the elderly and alcoholics and why?

A

Subdural haematomas - brain shrinks, increasing the straight on the bridging veins, increasing the risk of them tearing and causing bleed

45
Q

What is the danger of an untreated cranial haematoma?

A
  • Increased ICP until the point that compensatory mechanisms don’t have effect.
  • This results in midline shift, compressing nerves and then uncal herniation where the uncus of temporal lobe passes tentorium.
  • This applies pressure on pons, with pressure on CN3 first, and also compression on corticospinal tract - causes motor problems on contrlateral side
  • Tonsillar herniation then occurs where the cerebellum follows, applying pressure on medulle - CV and respiratory fatalities
  • Results in death
46
Q

What are the most common cranial nerve damages due to a a fractured skull?

A 
olfactory
optic
oculomotor
trochlear
trigeminal (V1 and V2)
facial
vestibulocochlear
47
Q

What is a diffuse axonial injury?

A

Rotation of the brain within the skull causes axonal damage upon shear force - the axons change from rubbery and elastic to brittle (“reverse spaghetti”)

48
Q

How can cerebral ischaemia be caused and what are the consequences?

A

Raised ICP
Reduced CPP
Hypoxaemia

Initiation of ischaemic cascade resulting in further neuronal death

49
Q

List types of secondary head injuries

A

DAI

Ischaemia

Brain swelling - through contusions

Diffuse vascular brain injuries - multiple small haemorrhages occuring in cerebral hemispheres and brainstem - death within minutes

50
Q

Location and function of Broca’s area

A

Region of frotnal lobe in dominant hemisphere (normally)

Speech production - reduced blood flow etc causes aphasia

51
Q

Location and function of Wernicke’s area

A

Located in cortex of dominant temporal lobe

Comprehension of language - damage presents with fluent and unaffected speech but inability to use or understand more than basic nouns and verbs

52
Q

Symptoms of Cerebellar Damage

A

“VANISHED”:

  • Vertigo
  • Ataxia (loss of full control of bodily movement)
  • Nystagmus
  • Intention tremor
  • Slurred speech
  • Hypotonic reflexes
  • Exagerrated broad based gait
  • Dysdiadochokinesia
53
Q

Signs of Cerebellar damage

A

“DASHING”:

  • Dysdiadochokinesia
  • Ataxia
  • Speech
  • Hypotonia
  • Intension tremor
  • Nystagmus
  • Gait
54
Q

Learn the boundaries of the GCS:

A 
Eye opening:
     4- opens spontaneously
     3- Opens to voice
     2- Opens to pain
     1- None
Verbal Response:
     5- Normal conversation
     4- Disorientated conversation
     3- Icoherent words
     2- Incomprehensible sounds
     1- None
Motor Response:
     6- Normal
     5- Localises pain
     4- Withdraws from pain
     3- Decorticate posturing
     2- Decerebrate posturing
     1- None
55
Q

Regarding brain development, what changes occur to white and grey matter?

A

White increases

Grey decreases

Head, Neck and Neurological Systems (15 decks)

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