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Endocrine > The Thyroid Gland > Flashcards

The Thyroid Gland Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 active forms of thyroid hormone?

A

T3 triiodothyronine

T4 thyroxine

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2
Q

At what vertebral level does the thyroid gland sit at?

A

C5-T1

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3
Q

What 2 cells are found in the thyroid gland?

A

C (clear) cells

Follicular cells

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4
Q

What is the function of C cells?

A

Secrete calcitonin

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5
Q

What is the function of follicular cells?

A

Support thyroid hormone synthesis and surround hollow follicles
Manufacture thyroglobulin
Actively concentrate iodide

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6
Q

What is found in the centre of thyroid follicles?

A

Colloid

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7
Q

How is iodide transported into colloid?

A

Pendrin transporter

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8
Q

What inhibits iodide transport into thyroid gland?

A

Thiocyanates

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9
Q

Where is thyroid peroxidase found?

A

Colloidal side of cells

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10
Q

What is the role of thyroid peroxidase?

A

Catalyses the addition of iodide to tyrosine residues in thyroglobulin

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11
Q

What is made from the addition of one iodide to tyrosine?

A

MIT (monoiodotyrosine)

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12
Q

What is made from the addition of 2 iodide to tyrosine?

A

DIT (diiodotyrosine)

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13
Q

What is made from MIT+DIT?

A

T3

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14
Q

What is made from DIT+DIT?

A

T4

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15
Q

What plasma protein does T3 and T4 bind to?

A

Thyroxine-binding globulin

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16
Q

What is the typical half life for T3?

A

1 day

17
Q

What is the typical half life for T4?

A

6 days

18
Q

What deiodinates T4?

A

Deiododinase enzymes

19
Q

What are the main functions of thyroid hormone?

A 
Raises metabolic rate and promotes thermogenesis 
Increase hepatic gluconeogenesis 
Net increase in proteolysis 
Net increase in lipolysis 
Foetal brain development 
Critical for growth
20
Q

What are the causes of hyperthyroidism?

A

Graves disease

Thyroid adenoma

21
Q

What are the symptoms of hyperthyroidism?

A 
Weight loss 
Heat intolerance 
Muscle weakness 
Increased HR 
Hyperexcitable reflexes
22
Q

What are the causes of hypothyroidism?

A

Hashimoto’s disease
Idiopathic
Dietary iodine deficiency

23
Q

What are the symptoms of hypothyroidism?

A 
Weight gain 
Cold intolerance 
Slow speech 
Slow reflexes 
Fatigue 
Slow HR 
Weaker pulse
24
Q

What is the term used for a thyroid gland enlargement?

A

Goitre

25
Q

What can cause goitre formation?

A

Increased trophic action of TSH on thyroid follicular cells

Over activity as a result of autoimmune disease

Endocrine (23 decks)

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