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Endocrine > Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes > Flashcards

Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes Flashcards

1
Q

What are the measurement techniques used to assess normal growth and pubertal development?

A

Height
Length (babies)
Sitting height
Head circumference

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2
Q

What factors can influence height?

A 
Age
Sex 
General health 
Puberty 
Skeletal maturity 
Specific growth disorders 
Parental heights 
Nutrition
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3
Q

What are the indications for referral of growth disorders?

A 
Extreme short or tall statures 
Height below target height 
Abnormal height velocity (crossing centiles) 
History of chronic disease 
Obvious dysmorphic system 
Early/late puberty
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4
Q

What are common causes for short stature?

A

Familial
Constitutional
Small for gestational age

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5
Q

What are the pathological causes of short stature?

A 
Undernutrition 
Iatrogenic (steroids) 
Chronic illness (JCA, IBD, coeliac) 
Hormonal (GHD, hypothyroidism) 
Syndromes (Turner, Prader-Willi, Noonan's) 
Psychological and social
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6
Q

What does GHD stand for?

A

Growth hormone deficiency

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7
Q

What are the general ranges for puberty in boys?

A

<9 yrs (early) >14 yrs (delayed)

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8
Q

What are the general ranges for puberty in girls?

A

<8 yrs (early) >13 (delayed)

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9
Q

What does SGA stand for?

A

Small for gestational age

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10
Q

What is the most important pubertal stage for girls?

A

B2

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11
Q

What is the most important pubertal stage for boys?

A

T3-4 ml

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12
Q

What are some of the causes of delayed puberty?

A

Gonadal dysgenesis (Turner 45X, Klinefelter 47XXY)
Chronic disease (Crohn’s, asthma)
Impaired HPG axis
Peripheral (cryptorchidism, testicular irradiation)

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13
Q

What are the clinical signs of central precocious puberty?

A

Pubertal development
Growth spurt
Advanced bone age

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14
Q

What is the treatment for central precocious puberty?

A

GnRH agonist

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15
Q

What are the clinical signs of precocious pseudopuberty?

A

Abnormal sex steroid hormone secretion
Gonadotrophin independent (Low levels of LH and FSH)
Viralising or feminasing

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16
Q

What is the management approach for ambiguous genitalia?

A

Karyotype
Examination of gonads and internal organs
Exclude congenital adrenal hyperplasia

17
Q

What are the causes of congenital hypothyroidism?

A

Athyreosis/hypoplastic/ectopic

Dyshormonogenic

18
Q

What is the most common cause of acquired hypothyroidism?

A

Autoimmune (Hashimoto’s) thyroiditis

19
Q

What are the childhood issues associated with acquired hypothyroidism?

A

Lack of height gain
Pubertal delay or precocity
Poor school performance

20
Q

What is the definition of overweight?

A

BMI> 85th centile or SD>1.04

21
Q

What is the definition of obese?

A

BMI> 97.5th centile or SD>2

22
Q

What are the main causes if obesity?

A

Drugs
Syndromes
Endocrine disorders
Hypothalamic damage

23
Q

What drugs can be associated with obesity?

A

Insulin
Steroids
Antithyroid drugs
Sodium valproate

24
Q

What syndromes are associated with obesity?

A

Prader Willi syndrome
Laurence-Moon-Niedl syndrome
Down’s syndrome
Pseudohypoparathyroidism type 1

25
Q

What endocrine disorders are associated with obesity?

A 
Hypothyroidism 
Growth hormone deficiency 
Glucocorticoid excess 
Hypothalamic lesion 
Androgen excess 
Leptin deficiency
26
Q

What is the treatment for obesity?

A

Diet
Exercise
Psychological input
Drugs

27
Q

What are the symptoms of childhood diabetes?

A 
Thirsty 
Thinner 
Tired 
Use of toilet more often 
Return to bed wetting 
Constipation 
Blurred vision 
Behavioural changes
28
Q

What is an immediate test for childhood diabetes?

A

Finger prick capillary glucose test >11mmol/L

29
Q

What are the symptoms of diabetic ketoacidosis?

A 
Nausea and vomiting 
Abdominal pain 
Sweet smelling "ketotic" breath 
Drowsiness
Rapid, deep "sighing" respiration 
Coma
30
Q

What is the test for diabetic ketoacidosis?

A

Finger prick glucose test >11mmol/L

Endocrine (23 decks)

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