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Endocrine > Diabetes Mellitus > Flashcards

Diabetes Mellitus Flashcards

1
Q

What is diabetes mellitus?

A

Loss of control of blood glucose levels

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2
Q

What are the symptoms of hyperglycaemia?

A 
Polydipsia 
Polyuria 
Blurred vision 
Weight loss 
Infections
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3
Q

What are the long term complications of hyperglycaemia?

A

Retinopathy, neuropathy, nephropathy

Stroke, MI, PVD

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4
Q

How is diabetes diagnosed?

A

One diagnostic lab glucose plus symptoms Two diagnostic lab glucose or HbA1c levels without symptoms
Diagnostic glucose levels fasting >7mmol/L
Diagnostic HbA1c >48mmol/mol

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5
Q

What are the indications of intermediate hyperglycaemia?

A

Impaired fasting glucose 6.1-7mmol/L

Impaired glucose tolerance 2h glucose >7.8 and <11mmol/L

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6
Q

When can HbA1C not be used for diagnosis?

A 
All children and young people
Pregnancy or recent (<2 months) 
Renal failure 
Acute pancreatic damage or surgery 
HIV patients
Patients taking medications that may cause rapid glucose rise
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7
Q

What are the symptoms of type 1 diabetes?

A 
Thirst 
Tiredness 
Polyuria/nocturia 
Weight loss 
Blurred vision 
Abdominal pain
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8
Q

What are the findings of type 1 diabetes on examination?

A 
Ketones on breath 
Dehydration 
Increased respiratory rate
Tachycardia 
Hypotension 
Low grade infection (thrush, balanitis)
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9
Q

What are the symptoms of type 2 diabetes?

A 
Thirst 
Tiredness 
Polyuria/nocturia 
Blurred vision 
Symptoms of complications 
May have no symptoms
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10
Q

What are the signs of type 2 diabetes?

A

Not ketotic
Usually overweight but not always
Low grade infections (thrush, balanitis)
Micro/macrovascular complications

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11
Q

What are the risk factors for type 2 diabetes?

A

Overweight
Family history
Previous history of diabetes in pregnancy
Inactive lifestyle, lack of exercise
Over 40 (european), over 30 (Maori/asian)
Had a big baby (more than 4kg)

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12
Q

What does MODY stand for?

A

Maturity Onset Diabetes in the Young

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13
Q

What is the significance of MODY?

A

Singel gene defect, autosomal dominant

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14
Q

What are the mutations involved with MODY?

A

Glucokinase mutations

Transcription factor mutations

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15
Q

What are the causes of secondary diabetes?

A 
Drug therapy (corticosteroids) 
Pancreatic destruction (cystic fibrosis, chronic pancreatitis) 
Rare endocrine disorders (Cushing's, acromegaly)
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16
Q

What is gestational diabetes?

A

Hyperglycaemia of pregnancy
Develops 2nd/3rd trimester
Increased risk of type 2 later in life

17
Q

What are the neonatal problems associated with gestational diabetes?

A

Macrosomia
Respiratory distress
Neonatal hypoglycaemia

Endocrine (23 decks)

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