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13D: Age of the Crusades, 1149-c.1204 > The Third Crusade and Saladin’s dominance > Flashcards

The Third Crusade and Saladin’s dominance Flashcards

1
Q

Where did the first reinforcements from the West come from after Hattin in 1188?

A

Norman Sicily

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2
Q

What strategic territory from Tyre to Jaffa was restored by the Third Crusade?

A

Levantine coast

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3
Q

Pilgrim access to which site was guaranteed by the Truce of Jaffa in September 1192?

A

Holy Sepulchre

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4
Q

Which nephew of Saladin left the siege of Acre in March 1191 and did not return?

A

Taqi al-Din

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5
Q

Whose kingship was undermined by the death of Queen Sibylla outside Acre in 1190?

A

Guy of Lusignan

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6
Q

Which fortification was Richard I forced to dismantle and surrender due to the truce with Saladin?

A

Ascalon

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7
Q

Which city did Richard I retake from Saladin’s recent conquest in July-August 1192?

A

Jaffa

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8
Q

Whose death in June 1190, whilst crossing Anatolia, destroyed the German part of the Third crusade?

A

Frederick I

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9
Q

Which king of Jerusalem was assassinated on the streets of Tyre in April 1192?

A

Conrad

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10
Q

Who restored unity to the kingdom of Jerusalem as ruler from May 1192?

A

Henry of Champagne

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11
Q

Which French king returned to Europe after the capture of Acre in late July 1191?

A

Philip II

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12
Q

Which city was not captured by the Third crusaders despite two marches in 1192?

A

Jerusalem

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13
Q

At which battle was Saladin defeated by Richard I as he marched south from Acre in August 1191?

A

Arsuf

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14
Q

Which island’s conquest in 1191 greatly added to the security of the crusader states?

A

Cyprus

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15
Q

Which Latin action ended successfully after 23 months following Richard I and Philip II’s arrival?

A

Siege of Acre

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16
Q

Which truce ended the Third Crusade in early September 1192?

A

Treaty of Jaffa

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17
Q

Which king of Jerusalem came to the throne in 1174 afflicted with leprosy?

A

Baldwin IV

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18
Q

Which Muslim leader succeeded in encircling the Kingdom of Jerusalem in the 1170s and 1180s?

A

Saladin

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19
Q

Whose coup in 1186 brought the controversial Frenchman Guy of Lusignan to Jerusalem’s throne?

A

Sibylla

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20
Q

Whose death in 1186 shattered the political unity of the Kingdom of Jerusalem until 1192?

A

Baldwin V

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21
Q

Which town was besieged by Saladin in early July 1187 after the truce was broken by Raynald of Chatillon’s attack on a caravan?

A

Tiberias

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22
Q

When did Jerusalem fall to Saladin after a two-week siege?

A

October 1187

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23
Q

Which city’s new leader Conrad resisted Saladin in July 1187 and again between November 1187 and January 1188?

A

Tyre

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24
Q

What was the name of crusading bull that launched the Third Crusade in October 1187?

A

Audita Tremendi

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25
Q

Which pope issued Audita Tremendi in October 1187 in response to defeat at Hattin?

A

Gregory VIII

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26
Q

Which city did Guy besiege from 1189 after his release by Saladin?

A

Acre

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27
Q

Who did Conrad of Montferrat marry in 1190 to claim the throne (though both were already married)?

A

Queen Isabella

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28
Q

What was used by Richard I and Philip II to raise funds for the Third Crusade?

A

Saladin Tithe

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29
Q

When did Saladin die from a fever at Damascus?

A

March 1193

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30
Q

In the summer of which year did Saladin take most of the coastal castles and towns of the states of Tripoli and Antioch?

A

1188

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31
Q

When did Saladin’s initial major attack fail to dislodge the Latins besieging Acre?

A

October 1189

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32
Q

A fleet from which Italian city arrived in Outremer in 1189 and prevented Saladin from blockading Tyre?

A

Pisa

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33
Q

Who sent 50 ships to aid the remaining Frankish territories of Tripoli and Antioch in 1188?

A

William II of Sicily

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34
Q

When did the Archbishop of Pisa arrive at Tyre with 52 ships, thus preventing Saladin’s naval blockade?

A

April 1189

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35
Q

Fifty ships commanded by nobles of which kingdom arrived in Outremer in early September 1189?

A

Denmark

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36
Q

Who did Saladin accompany to Egypt in the 1160s?

A

Shirkuh

37
Q

Saladin distinguished himself at which battle against Amalric of Jerusalem in March 1167?

A

al-Babayn

38
Q

In what year did Saladin become dominant in Egypt after Shirkuh’s death?

A

1169

39
Q

The siege of which Frankish castle did Saladin abandon in October 1171 to Nureddin’s annoyance?

A

Montreal

40
Q

In which year did Saladin fail to offer meaningful assistance to Nureddin’s siege of Kerak?

A

1173

41
Q

What did Nureddin send to Egypt in 1173, demonstrating suspicion of Saladin’s loyalty?

A

Auditors

42
Q

What did Saladin bring to an end in September 1171?

A

Fatimid dynasty

43
Q

Where did Saladin use capable administrators such as Qadi al-Fadil and al-Makhzumi to generate huge wealth?

A

Egypt

44
Q

Who did Saladin formally recognise as overlord of Egypt between 1169 and 1174?

A

Nureddin

45
Q

Which son and heir of Nureddin did Saladin claimed to be working for him but instead worked against him?

A

as-Salih

46
Q

Who did Saladin send to conquer Yemen from Muslims he claimed were heretical, in the years 1174 to 1176?

A

Turanshah

47
Q

Which Red Sea castle was recaptured by Saladin from the Franks in December 1170?

A

Aila

48
Q

Which widow of Nureddin did Saladin marry in 1176 to increase the legitimacy of his claim to be ‘Sultan of Egypt and Syria’?

A

Ismat

49
Q

Victory over the Zengids at which battle, in April 1175, left Saladin in control of Damascus, Baalbek and Homs?

A

Horns of Hama

50
Q

Which Emir of Erbil and Zengid supporter, opposed Saladin at the Horms of Hama but then defected to support him in 1182?

A

Gokbori

51
Q

At which battle was Saladin was victorious over Sayf al-Din in April 1176?

A

Tell Sultan

52
Q

Which sister of Saladin was married to his key supporter Gokbori in the 1180s to cement his loyalty?

A

Rabia Khatun

53
Q

Which sister of Saladin was married to the emir of Homs to greater bind him to the Ayyubids?

A

Zumurrud

54
Q

Which ruler of Homs plotted to exploit Saladin’s expected death in 1186 but then died himself of excessive drinking?

A

Muhammad ibn Shirkuh

55
Q

Which Abbasid caliph acknowledged Saladin as ‘Sultan of Egypt and Syria’ in 1176?

A

al-Mustadi

56
Q

When did Saladin’s forces successfully clash with Kilij Arslan II’s to keep territory taken by Nureddin in 1173?

A

1179

57
Q

With which Sultan of Rum did Saladin have an uneasy and mutually untrusting relationship?

A

Kilij Arlsan II

58
Q

In what year was Saladin criticised by Kilij Arslan II for involving himself in a local dispute rather than jihad?

A

1180

59
Q

In what year did Saladin act to prevent the union of Aleppo and Mosul against him?

A

1182

60
Q

Which group rejected Saladin’s attempted dominance of Syria between 1174 and 1183?

A

Zengids

61
Q

Which Zengid powerbase fell to Saladin in 1183 two years after the death of as-Salih?

A

Aleppo

62
Q

In what year did Saladin arrange a truce with the Franks so that he could focus on defeating his Muslim foes?

A

1185

63
Q

Which Muslim city’s ruler only acknowledged Saladin’s overlordship in 1186?

A

Mosul

64
Q

Who was Saladin’s loyal governor of Aleppo between 1183 and 1186 then administered Egypt from 1186 to 1192?

A

al-Adil (Saphadin)

65
Q

Which ruler of Mosul, built a coalition of Muslim leaders to oppose Saladin between 1174 and 1180?

A

Sayf al-Din

66
Q

Which ruler of Mosul from 1180 led the remaining opposition to Saladin until 1186?

A

Izz ad-Din

67
Q

Which Muslim group did Saladin come to terms with in 1176 after his war on them failed?

A

Assassins

68
Q

At which battle in 1177 did Saladin face a major setback when the Franks were victorious and his nephew was killed?

A

Montgisard

69
Q

Which Abbasid caliph (from 1180) criticised Saladin even after the capture of Jerusalem, out of fear of his power?

A

al-Nasir

70
Q

Which vital crossing point in did Saladin prevented Baldwin IV from fully fortifying in 1179?

A

Jacob’s Ford

71
Q

At which battle in June 1179 did Saladin defeat Baldwin IV and the Templars allowing him to attack Jacobs Ford?

A

Marj Ayyun

72
Q

Which city’s capture on 2 October 1187 cemented Saladin’s reputation as a successful leader of the Jihad?

A

Jerusalem

73
Q

What item, constructed by Nureddin, was placed in the al-Aqsa mosque after Saladin’s conquest of Jerusalem?

A

’Minbar of Saladin’

74
Q

Who proposed during the Third Crusade that his sister Joan should marry Saladin’s brother al-Adil?

A

Richard I

75
Q

The Latin siege of which major city lasted nearly two years and led to humiliating defeat for Saladin in 1191?

A

Acre

76
Q

Which Ayyubid controlled most of Syria and Palestine upon the death of Saladin in 1193?

A

Al-Afdal

77
Q

Which Ayyubid controlled Egypt upon the death of Saladin in 1193?

A

Al-Aziz

78
Q

Which Ayyubid controlled Aleppo upon the death of Saladin in 1193?

A

Az-Zahir

79
Q

Who had become the ruler of Syria, Upper Mesopotamia, Egypt, and Arabia by 1200?

A

Al-Adil

80
Q

When did Al-Aziz, Al-Adil and Az-Zahir depose and exile Al-Afdal from Damascus?

A

July 1196

81
Q

When did al-Aziz, Saladin’s son and successor in Egypt die in a hunting accident?

A

November 1198

82
Q

Which young son of Al-Aziz ruled Egypt for only two years before being overthrown by al-Adil in 1200?

A

Al-Mansur

83
Q

Where did major flooding and an earthquake occur (1199-1202) prompting effective action from Al-Adil?

A

Egypt

84
Q

Which Ayyubid faction (the mamluks of Saladin) wanted Saladin’s brother al-Adil to become regent of Egypt in 1198?

A

Salahiyya

85
Q

Which Ayyubid faction (the mamluks of Shirkuh) favoured Saladin’s son al-Afdal to become regent of Egypt in 1198?

A

Asadiyya

86
Q

Who failed to return to the Muslim forces opposing the siege of Acre in Spring 1191 and died fighting Seljuk rivals?

A

Taqi al-Din

87
Q

When did Saladin threaten to dispossess al-Mansur the son of Taqi al-Din, first granting his lands to al-Afdal then al-Adil?

A

Spring 1192

88
Q

In what year did Kilij Arslan II die leaving his sons to squabble over his lands for the next decade?

A

1192

89
Q

Which territory did the remaining Zengids unsuccessfully attempt to regain after Saladin’s death in 1193?

A

Jazira

13D: Age of the Crusades, 1149-c.1204 (9 decks)

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