The Third Crusade and Saladin’s dominance

Question 1

Where did the first reinforcements from the West come from after Hattin in 1188?

Answer 1

Norman Sicily

Question 2

What strategic territory from Tyre to Jaffa was restored by the Third Crusade?

Answer 2

Levantine coast

Question 3

Pilgrim access to which site was guaranteed by the Truce of Jaffa in September 1192?

Answer 3

Holy Sepulchre

Question 4

Which nephew of Saladin left the siege of Acre in March 1191 and did not return?

Answer 4

Taqi al-Din

Question 5

Whose kingship was undermined by the death of Queen Sibylla outside Acre in 1190?

Answer 5

Guy of Lusignan

Question 6

Which fortification was Richard I forced to dismantle and surrender due to the truce with Saladin?

Answer 6

Ascalon

Question 7

Which city did Richard I retake from Saladin’s recent conquest in July-August 1192?

Answer 7

Jaffa

Question 8

Whose death in June 1190, whilst crossing Anatolia, destroyed the German part of the Third crusade?

Answer 8

Frederick I

Question 9

Which king of Jerusalem was assassinated on the streets of Tyre in April 1192?

Answer 9

Conrad

Question 10

Who restored unity to the kingdom of Jerusalem as ruler from May 1192?

Answer 10

Henry of Champagne

Question 11

Which French king returned to Europe after the capture of Acre in late July 1191?

Answer 11

Philip II

Question 12

Which city was not captured by the Third crusaders despite two marches in 1192?

Answer 12

Jerusalem

Question 13

At which battle was Saladin defeated by Richard I as he marched south from Acre in August 1191?

Answer 13

Arsuf

Question 14

Which island’s conquest in 1191 greatly added to the security of the crusader states?

Answer 14

Cyprus

Question 15

Which Latin action ended successfully after 23 months following Richard I and Philip II’s arrival?

Answer 15

Siege of Acre

Question 16

Which truce ended the Third Crusade in early September 1192?

Answer 16

Treaty of Jaffa

Question 17

Which king of Jerusalem came to the throne in 1174 afflicted with leprosy?

Answer 17

Baldwin IV

Question 18

Which Muslim leader succeeded in encircling the Kingdom of Jerusalem in the 1170s and 1180s?

Answer 18

Saladin

Question 19

Whose coup in 1186 brought the controversial Frenchman Guy of Lusignan to Jerusalem’s throne?

Answer 19

Sibylla

Question 20

Whose death in 1186 shattered the political unity of the Kingdom of Jerusalem until 1192?

Answer 20

Baldwin V

Question 21

Which town was besieged by Saladin in early July 1187 after the truce was broken by Raynald of Chatillon’s attack on a caravan?

Answer 21

Tiberias

Question 22

When did Jerusalem fall to Saladin after a two-week siege?

Answer 22

October 1187

Question 23

Which city’s new leader Conrad resisted Saladin in July 1187 and again between November 1187 and January 1188?

Answer 23

Tyre

Question 24

What was the name of crusading bull that launched the Third Crusade in October 1187?

Answer 24

Audita Tremendi

Question 25

Which pope issued Audita Tremendi in October 1187 in response to defeat at Hattin?

Answer 25

Gregory VIII

Question 26

Which city did Guy besiege from 1189 after his release by Saladin?

Answer 26

Acre

Question 27

Who did Conrad of Montferrat marry in 1190 to claim the throne (though both were already married)?

Answer 27

Queen Isabella

Question 28

What was used by Richard I and Philip II to raise funds for the Third Crusade?

Answer 28

Saladin Tithe

Question 29

When did Saladin die from a fever at Damascus?

Answer 29

March 1193

Question 30

In the summer of which year did Saladin take most of the coastal castles and towns of the states of Tripoli and Antioch?

Answer 30

1188

Question 31

When did Saladin’s initial major attack fail to dislodge the Latins besieging Acre?

Answer 31

October 1189

Question 32

A fleet from which Italian city arrived in Outremer in 1189 and prevented Saladin from blockading Tyre?

Answer 32

Pisa

Question 33

Who sent 50 ships to aid the remaining Frankish territories of Tripoli and Antioch in 1188?

Answer 33

William II of Sicily

Question 34

When did the Archbishop of Pisa arrive at Tyre with 52 ships, thus preventing Saladin’s naval blockade?

Answer 34

April 1189

Question 35

Fifty ships commanded by nobles of which kingdom arrived in Outremer in early September 1189?

Answer 35

Denmark

Question 36

Who did Saladin accompany to Egypt in the 1160s?

Answer 36

Shirkuh

Question 37

Saladin distinguished himself at which battle against Amalric of Jerusalem in March 1167?

Answer 37

al-Babayn

Question 38

In what year did Saladin become dominant in Egypt after Shirkuh’s death?

Answer 38

1169

Question 39

The siege of which Frankish castle did Saladin abandon in October 1171 to Nureddin’s annoyance?

Answer 39

Montreal

Question 40

In which year did Saladin fail to offer meaningful assistance to Nureddin’s siege of Kerak?

Answer 40

1173

Question 41

What did Nureddin send to Egypt in 1173, demonstrating suspicion of Saladin’s loyalty?

Answer 41

Auditors

Question 42

What did Saladin bring to an end in September 1171?

Answer 42

Fatimid dynasty

Question 43

Where did Saladin use capable administrators such as Qadi al-Fadil and al-Makhzumi to generate huge wealth?

Answer 43

Egypt

Question 44

Who did Saladin formally recognise as overlord of Egypt between 1169 and 1174?

Answer 44

Nureddin

Question 45

Which son and heir of Nureddin did Saladin claimed to be working for him but instead worked against him?

Answer 45

as-Salih

Question 46

Who did Saladin send to conquer Yemen from Muslims he claimed were heretical, in the years 1174 to 1176?

Answer 46

Turanshah

Question 47

Which Red Sea castle was recaptured by Saladin from the Franks in December 1170?

Answer 47

Aila

Question 48

Which widow of Nureddin did Saladin marry in 1176 to increase the legitimacy of his claim to be ‘Sultan of Egypt and Syria’?

Answer 48

Ismat

Question 49

Victory over the Zengids at which battle, in April 1175, left Saladin in control of Damascus, Baalbek and Homs?

Answer 49

Horns of Hama

Question 50

Which Emir of Erbil and Zengid supporter, opposed Saladin at the Horms of Hama but then defected to support him in 1182?

Answer 50

Gokbori

Question 51

At which battle was Saladin was victorious over Sayf al-Din in April 1176?

Answer 51

Tell Sultan

Question 52

Which sister of Saladin was married to his key supporter Gokbori in the 1180s to cement his loyalty?

Answer 52

Rabia Khatun

Question 53

Which sister of Saladin was married to the emir of Homs to greater bind him to the Ayyubids?

Answer 53

Zumurrud

Question 54

Which ruler of Homs plotted to exploit Saladin’s expected death in 1186 but then died himself of excessive drinking?

Answer 54

Muhammad ibn Shirkuh

Question 55

Which Abbasid caliph acknowledged Saladin as ‘Sultan of Egypt and Syria’ in 1176?

Answer 55

al-Mustadi

Question 56

When did Saladin’s forces successfully clash with Kilij Arslan II’s to keep territory taken by Nureddin in 1173?

Answer 56

1179

Question 57

With which Sultan of Rum did Saladin have an uneasy and mutually untrusting relationship?

Answer 57

Kilij Arlsan II

Question 58

In what year was Saladin criticised by Kilij Arslan II for involving himself in a local dispute rather than jihad?

Answer 58

1180

Question 59

In what year did Saladin act to prevent the union of Aleppo and Mosul against him?

Answer 59

1182

Question 60

Which group rejected Saladin’s attempted dominance of Syria between 1174 and 1183?

Answer 60

Zengids

Question 61

Which Zengid powerbase fell to Saladin in 1183 two years after the death of as-Salih?

Answer 61

Aleppo

Question 62

In what year did Saladin arrange a truce with the Franks so that he could focus on defeating his Muslim foes?

Answer 62

1185

Question 63

Which Muslim city’s ruler only acknowledged Saladin’s overlordship in 1186?

Answer 63

Mosul

Question 64

Who was Saladin’s loyal governor of Aleppo between 1183 and 1186 then administered Egypt from 1186 to 1192?

Answer 64

al-Adil (Saphadin)

Question 65

Which ruler of Mosul, built a coalition of Muslim leaders to oppose Saladin between 1174 and 1180?

Answer 65

Sayf al-Din

Question 66

Which ruler of Mosul from 1180 led the remaining opposition to Saladin until 1186?

Answer 66

Izz ad-Din

Question 67

Which Muslim group did Saladin come to terms with in 1176 after his war on them failed?

Answer 67

Assassins

Question 68

At which battle in 1177 did Saladin face a major setback when the Franks were victorious and his nephew was killed?

Answer 68

Montgisard

Question 69

Which Abbasid caliph (from 1180) criticised Saladin even after the capture of Jerusalem, out of fear of his power?

Answer 69

al-Nasir

Question 70

Which vital crossing point in did Saladin prevented Baldwin IV from fully fortifying in 1179?

Answer 70

Jacob’s Ford

Question 71

At which battle in June 1179 did Saladin defeat Baldwin IV and the Templars allowing him to attack Jacobs Ford?

Answer 71

Marj Ayyun

Question 72

Which city’s capture on 2 October 1187 cemented Saladin’s reputation as a successful leader of the Jihad?

Answer 72

Jerusalem

Question 73

What item, constructed by Nureddin, was placed in the al-Aqsa mosque after Saladin’s conquest of Jerusalem?

Answer 73

’Minbar of Saladin’

Question 74

Who proposed during the Third Crusade that his sister Joan should marry Saladin’s brother al-Adil?

Answer 74

Richard I

Question 75

The Latin siege of which major city lasted nearly two years and led to humiliating defeat for Saladin in 1191?

Answer 75

Acre

Question 76

Which Ayyubid controlled most of Syria and Palestine upon the death of Saladin in 1193?

Answer 76

Al-Afdal

Question 77

Which Ayyubid controlled Egypt upon the death of Saladin in 1193?

Answer 77

Al-Aziz

Question 78

Which Ayyubid controlled Aleppo upon the death of Saladin in 1193?

Answer 78

Az-Zahir

Question 79

Who had become the ruler of Syria, Upper Mesopotamia, Egypt, and Arabia by 1200?

Answer 79

Al-Adil

Question 80

When did Al-Aziz, Al-Adil and Az-Zahir depose and exile Al-Afdal from Damascus?

Answer 80

July 1196

Question 81

When did al-Aziz, Saladin’s son and successor in Egypt die in a hunting accident?

Answer 81

November 1198

Question 82

Which young son of Al-Aziz ruled Egypt for only two years before being overthrown by al-Adil in 1200?

Answer 82

Al-Mansur

Question 83

Where did major flooding and an earthquake occur (1199-1202) prompting effective action from Al-Adil?

Answer 83

Egypt

Question 84

Which Ayyubid faction (the mamluks of Saladin) wanted Saladin's brother al-Adil to become regent of Egypt in 1198?

Answer 84

Salahiyya

Question 85

Which Ayyubid faction (the mamluks of Shirkuh) favoured Saladin's son al-Afdal to become regent of Egypt in 1198?

Answer 85

Asadiyya

Question 86

Who failed to return to the Muslim forces opposing the siege of Acre in Spring 1191 and died fighting Seljuk rivals?

Answer 86

Taqi al-Din

Question 87

When did Saladin threaten to dispossess al-Mansur the son of Taqi al-Din, first granting his lands to al-Afdal then al-Adil?

Answer 87

Spring 1192

Question 88

In what year did Kilij Arslan II die leaving his sons to squabble over his lands for the next decade?

Answer 88

1192

Question 89

Which territory did the remaining Zengids unsuccessfully attempt to regain after Saladin’s death in 1193?

Answer 89

Jazira