Language of the Age of the Crusades

Question 1

A semi-nomadic people originally from Central Asia. They had converted to Sunni Islam.

Answer 1

Turks

Question 2

A group of Turks that had adopted Persian culture and language, converted to Sunni Islam, and established an empire.

Answer 2

Seljuks

Question 3

A Turkish dynasty that ruled in Northeast Syria within the Seljuk Empire.

Answer 3

Artuqids

Question 4

A Turkish dynasty that rose to dominance in Northeastern Anatolia.

Answer 4

Danishmends

Question 5

A branch of Islam that the Turks had converted to.

Answer 5

Sunni

Question 6

A branch of Islam that rejected the Sunni interpretation regarding authority.

Answer 6

Shia

Question 7

The ruling dynasty of Egypt until 1171. They were Shia Muslims.

Answer 7

Fatimids

Question 8

The title of the chief political and religious leader of the Islamic community. There was only supposed to be one.

Answer 8

Caliph

Question 9

An Arabic term denoting a military or political leader, it is synonymous with ‘prince’.

Answer 9

Emir

Question 10

A Turkic word denoting a ‘governor’ or ‘guardian’.

Answer 10

Atabeg

Question 11

An Islamic term that means ‘to struggle’ to conform with God’s guidance. It is commonly used to mean ‘Holy War’ although this is a huge simplification.

Answer 11

Jihad’

Question 12

The common name for followers of Western Christianity (and the papacy) in the Medeival period.

Answer 12

Latins

Question 13

The institution of the Bishop of Rome as head of Western/Latin Christianity.

Answer 13

Papacy

Question 14

The relic that Christians believed was the object that Jesus was crucified on.

Answer 14

True Cross

Question 15

A conflict between the Papacy and Latin rulers over who could appoint bishops.

Answer 15

Investiture Controversy

Question 16

This was wielded by the Papacy due to its claim to be the spiritual successor of St. Peter. It was disputed by Eastern Christians.

Answer 16

Petrine Authority

Question 17

Religious practices by Christians who were not members of the clergy.

Answer 17

Lay Piety

Question 18

A doctrine of military ethics that aimed to ensure that war was morally justifiable to Christians.

Answer 18

Just War’

Question 19

Warfare that was permitted and encouraged by a religious authority - a ‘Holy War’.

Answer 19

Sanctified Violence

Question 20

A term used by historians to refer to the eastern remnants of the Roman Empire in the Medieval period.

Answer 20

Byzantium

Question 21

A Byzantine term refering to the ‘civilised world’. At its centre was Constantinople.

Answer 21

Oikoumene

Question 22

The collective term for the five ancient centres of the Christian world.

Answer 22

Pentarchy

Question 23

A highly presitgious title for the spiritual leader of one of the ancient Christian centres.

Answer 23

Patriarch

Question 24

An Eastern Christian people with their own separate religious traditions.

Answer 24

Armenians

Question 25

The site of the tomb where Christians believed that Jesus had been buried and resurrected.

Answer 25

Holy Sepulchre

Question 26

A relic that was not part of a saint’s body but was rather an object associated with them.

Answer 26

Brandea

Question 27

An object that was believed to be associated with a Christian saint.

Answer 27

Relic

Question 28

A term that literally means ‘overseas’ but refers to the Crusader states.

Answer 28

Outremer

Question 29

A formal act of condemnation that deprives a person of membership of a Christian community.

Answer 29

Excommunication