The Latin West, Armenian Cilicia and Outremer, c.1144-1174

Question 1

What was the name of the Pope who issued Quantum Praedecessores in December 1145?

Answer 1

Eugenius III

Question 2

What term was used by Bernard of Clairvaux to refer to those he wished to undertake the Second Crusade?

Answer 2

Lucky generation

Question 3

What actions against pagans in the Baltic siphoned off German support for the Second Crusade?

Answer 3

The Wendish Crusade

Question 4

Where else did Eugenius III grant crusading privileges against Muslims at the time of the Second crusade?

Answer 4

Spain

Question 5

Whose attacks on Byzantium limited its willingness to help the Second Crusade?

Answer 5

Roger II of Sicily

Question 6

Where were the German forces of the Second Crusade annihilated by the Turks in October 1147?

Answer 6

*Dorylaeum (2nd)

Question 7

Where did the Turks break Louis VII’s forces in Anatolia in January 1148?

Answer 7

Mount Cadmus

Question 8

Which city did Raymond of Antioch unsuccessfully urge Louis VII to attack in 1148?

Answer 8

Aleppo

Question 9

Where did the crusaders and Franks meet to decide upon a target for the Second Crusade in June 1148?

Answer 9

Acre

Question 10

The siege of which Muslim city lasted only five days and was a military disaster for the Second Crusade in July 1148?

Answer 10

Damascus

Question 11

Who died in 1153, humiliated and disgraced by the failure of the Second Crusade that he had championed?

Answer 11

Bernard of Clairvaux

Question 12

Which pope repeatedly called for crusading support to help Outremer between 1159 and 1181?

Answer 12

Alexander III

Question 13

What was the name of the papal instruction issued by Alexander III calling on people to crusade rather than send money to Outremer?

Answer 13

Inter Omnia

Question 14

Whose marriage to the future Henry II of England in 1152 led to increasing rivalry between England and France?

Answer 14

Eleanor of Aquitaine

Question 15

The Grand Master of which Military Order wrote a series of unsuccessful letters to Louis VII of France asking for aid in Egypt?

Answer 15

Templars

Question 16

In what year was Inter Omnia issued by Alexander III?

Answer 16

1169

Question 17

Who did Amalric write to asking unsuccessfully for assistance after a devastating earthquake in Summer 1170?

Answer 17

Louis VII of France

Question 18

Who was one of the few lords of the Latin West to bring knights to Outremer but then died at Acre in 1168?

Answer 18

William IV of Nevers

Question 19

Which French noble led pilgrims that assisted Frankish forces at al-Buqaia in 1163 and at Harim in 1164?

Answer 19

Hugh VIII of Lusignan

Question 20

In what year had general taxes for the defence of Outremer been levied by Louis VII of France and Henry II of England?

Answer 20

1166

Question 21

Which king of Sicily led a massive fleet against Alexandria in 1174?

Answer 21

William II

Question 22

Which group did Baldwin III make to enforce a trade embargo upon Fatimid Egypt in 1156?

Answer 22

Pisans

Question 23

In what year was Thomas Becket, Archbishop of Canterbury, murdered, undermining Henry II’s plans to crusade?

Answer 23

1170

Question 24

Which insurrection against Henry II of England by his wife and sons in 1173-74 made it impossible for Henry II to crusade?

Answer 24

Great Rebellion

Question 25

Thierry of Flanders led an army in 1157 to besiege which city, but his disputes with Reynald of Antioch regarding overlordship led to failure?

Answer 25

Shaizar

Question 26

Which French noble returned to Outremer and assisted Amalric of Jerusalem in the years 1164 to 1166?

Answer 26

Thierry of Flanders

Question 27

Which Frankish priest was sent in 1169 to secure aid from the West for Outremer but was largely unsuccessful?

Answer 27

Frederick of Tyre

Question 28

Who started to send large sums of money to Jerusalem from 1172 onwards in penance for the murder of Thomas Becket?

Answer 28

Henry II of England

Question 29

Which French noble visited Jerusalem in 1171 but decided not to marry Princess Sibylla despite his previous agreement?

Answer 29

Stephen of Sancerre

Question 30

In which year did French nobles including Hugh of Burgundy and Stephen of Sancerre visited Jerusalem but fail to provide support?

Answer 30

1171

Question 31

Which powerful German noble undertook a pilgrimage to Outremer in 1172 but offered no military support?

Answer 31

Henry the Lion

Question 32

Which Second Crusader’s arrival caused tensions in the County of Tripoli until his suspicious death in 1148 due to his superior claim to Raymond II?

Answer 32

Alfonso-Jordan

Question 33

Which town’s capture in January 1158 was the only tangible achievement of Thierry of Flander’s expedition to Outremer between 1156 and 1159?

Answer 33

Harim

Question 34

Which minor French knight had joined the Second Crusade but then served Baldwin III at Ascalon before marrying Constance of Antioch in 1153?

Answer 34

Reynald of Chatillon

Question 35

Which German ruler recognised the authority of three successive antipopes (Victor IV, Paschal III and Callixtus III) undermining Pope Alexander III?

Answer 35

Emperor Frederick I

Question 36

What did many in the Latin West perceive that the Franks of Outremer lived in, thus making assistance undeserved?

Answer 36

Luxury

Question 37

Which Armenian ruler of Cilicia allied with the Templars against the Seljuk Sultan of Rum in 1154?

Answer 37

Thoros II

Question 38

With which former enemy did Thoros II of Cilicia ally with to attack Byzantine Cyprus in 1156?

Answer 38

Reynald of Antioch

Question 39

In which year was Thoros II of Cilicia able to escape the disastrous battle at Harim, unlike his Frankish allies?

Answer 39

1164

Question 40

Who fled Cilicia in the mid-1160s and converted to Islam becoming an ally of Nureddin?

Answer 40

Mleh

Question 41

When did Nureddin’s ally Mleh seize power in Cilicia, depriving the Franks of Antioch of potential support?

Answer 41

1170