Age of the Crusades (All), c.1149-c.1204

Question 1

A failing war with which country between 1190 and 1195 led Isaac II’s brother Alexius III to overthrow him in 1195?

Answer 1

Bulgaria

Question 2

A fleet from which Italian city arrived in Outremer in 1189 and prevented Saladin from blockading Tyre?

Answer 2

Pisa

Question 3

After promising to assist the Germans on the Third Crusade what did Isaac do to their ambassadors in the summer of 1189?

Answer 3

Imprison

Question 4

After the arrival of Andronicus Comnenus in Constantinople in Spring 1182, which group were massacred?

Answer 4

Latins

Question 5

Aimery of Limoges was the Latin Patriarch for which major Levantine city?

Answer 5

Antioch

Question 6

Along with Sidon, which port was captured by the German Crusade of 1197 in September 1197?

Answer 6

Beirut

Question 7

Along with the release of all prisoners what Byzantine compensation was arranged by 1184 for Venice for their losses from 1171?

Answer 7

1,500 pounds of gold

Question 8

At which battle did Saladin defeat Baldwin IV’s forces in June 1179?

Answer 8

Marj Ayyun

Question 9

At which battle in 1177 did Saladin face a major setback when the Franks were victorious and his nephew was killed?

Answer 9

Montgisard

Question 10

At which battle in June 1179 did Saladin defeat Baldwin IV and the Templars allowing him to attack Jacobs Ford?

Answer 10

Marj Ayyun

Question 11

At which battle in September 1191 was Saladin defeated by Richard I’s marching army?

Answer 11

Arsuf

Question 12

At which battle on 4th July 1187 was Jerusalem’s army destroyed?

Answer 12

Hattin

Question 13

At which battle was Saladin defeated by Richard I as he marched south from Acre in August 1191?

Answer 13

Arsuf

Question 14

At which battle was Saladin was victorious over Sayf al-Din in April 1176?

Answer 14

Tell Sultan

Question 15

At which castle did senior French lords met in November 1199, where they pledged to go on a crusade?

Answer 15

Ecry-sur-Aisne

Question 16

At which place did Saladin destroy the key fortification being built by Baldwin IV in August 1179?

Answer 16

Jacob’s Ford

Question 17

At which Third Crusade battle did Richard victoriously attack from the sea?

Answer 17

Jaffa

Question 18

Baldwin III and Melisende quarrelled over the appointment of the new Lord of which key territory in 1149?

Answer 18

Galilee

Question 19

Baldwin III of Jerusalem and Manuel I sealed an alliance in 1158 with Baldwin’s marriage to which of the emperor’s nieces?

Answer 19

Theodora

Question 20

Between 1174 and when was Raymond III of Tripoli regent for Baldwin IV of Jerusalem?

Answer 20

1176

Question 21

By which crusader deadline was it clear that Alexius IV could not pay all that he had promised them?

Answer 21

September 1203

Question 22

Despite huge financial sacrifices how much was still owed by the crusaders to the Venetians by late Autumn 1202?

Answer 22

c.34,000 marks

Question 23

Distrust between Saladin and Nureddin led to Muslim failure at the siege of which castle in October 1171?

Answer 23

Montreal

Question 24

Fifty ships commanded by nobles of which kingdom arrived in Outremer in early September 1189?

Answer 24

Denmark

Question 25

Hostility to which group was stirred up by Andronicus I to maintain his grip on power?

Answer 25

Latins

Question 26

How did Innocent III respond to the Fourth Crusade’s attacks on Zara and Constantinople?

Answer 26

Excommunication

Question 27

How many crusaders arrived at Venice for the Fourth Crusade?

Answer 27

c. 12,000

Question 28

How many crusaders did the negotiators for the Fourth Crusade at Venice contract for?

Answer 28

33,500

Question 29

How many knights a year did Henry II promise (but fail) to send to Outremer as absolution for killing Becket?

Answer 29

Two hundred

Question 30

How many marks did the Fourth crusader leaders promise to pay the Venetians for the transportation?

Answer 30

85,000

Question 31

How many of the expected 33,500 crusaders had arrived by Autumn 1202?

Answer 31

c.12,000

Question 32

How many Templars did Amalric of Jerusalem allegedly hang in 1165-66 for surrendering a castle to Muslims?

Answer 32

Twelve

Question 33

How many war galleys did the Venetians offer to aid the Fourth Crusade in return for an equal share of any loot?

Answer 33

Fifty

Question 34

How much did the French Fourth crusade negotiators agree would be paid under the April 1201 Treaty of Venice?

Answer 34

85,000 marks

Question 35

In 1164 who did Shawar seek help from Nureddin to fight?

Answer 35

Dirgham

Question 36

In the summer of which year did Saladin take most of the coastal castles and towns of the states of Tripoli and Antioch?

Answer 36

1188

Question 37

In what year did a Venetian embassy visit Constantinople, receiving some compensation for the losses of 1171?

Answer 37

1184

Question 38

In what year did Amalric die, undermining future attempts to capture Egypt?

Answer 38

1174

Question 39

In what year did Amalric of Jerusalem marry the Byzantine princess Maria?

Answer 39

1167

Question 40

In what year did Baldwin III marry the Byzantine princess Theodora?

Answer 40

1158

Question 41

In what year did Emperor Manuel I die?

Answer 41

1180

Question 42

In what year did Genoa first gain trading privileges in Byzantium from Manuel I?

Answer 42

1155

Question 43

In what year did Kilij Arslan II die leaving his sons to squabble over his lands for the next decade?

Answer 43

1192

Question 44

In what year did Manuel I of Byzantium invade Cilicia forcing Prince Reynald to beg for forgiveness?

Answer 44

1158

Question 45

In what year did Manuel I pay a ransom to release Bohemond III, after the prince’s capture at Harim?

Answer 45

1165

Question 46

In what year did Manuel send a large fleet to Damietta to help the Franks drive Nureddin from Egypt?

Answer 46

1169

Question 47

In what year did Pisa first gain trading privileges in Byzantium from Alexius I?

Answer 47

1111

Question 48

In what year did Reynald of Antioch defeat an Armenian rebellion against the Byzantines for which he was not compensated?

Answer 48

1155

Question 49

In what year did Saladin act to prevent the union of Aleppo and Mosul against him?

Answer 49

1182

Question 50

In what year did Saladin arrange a truce with the Franks so that he could focus on defeating his Muslim foes?

Answer 50

1185

Question 51

In what year did Saladin become dominant in Egypt after Shirkuh’s death?

Answer 51

1169

Question 52

In what year did Shirkuh finally gain full control over Egypt?

Answer 52

1169

Question 53

In what year did the Byzantines defeat the Seljuks at Hyelion and Leimocheir on the Meander River?

Answer 53

1177

Question 54

In what year did the Hospitallers receive Krak des Chevaliers from the Count of Tripoli?

Answer 54

1144

Question 55

In what year had Alexius I originally granted the Venetians huge trade privileges in return for aid against the Normans?

Answer 55

1082

Question 56

In what year had general taxes for the defence of Outremer been levied by Louis VII of France and Henry II of England?

Answer 56

1166

Question 57

In what year was Inter Omnia issued by Alexander III?

Answer 57

1169

Question 58

In what year was Joscelin II of Edessa captured by Nureddin?

Answer 58

1150

Question 59

In what year was Raymond of Antioch forced to travel to Constantinople and submit to Manuel I as his vassal?

Answer 59

1145

Question 60

In what year was Saladin criticised by Kilij Arslan II for involving himself in a local dispute rather than jihad?

Answer 60

1180

Question 61

In what year was the Pisan quarter of Constantinople greatly expanded by Isaac II?

Answer 61

1192

Question 62

In what year was the Venetian quarter of Constantinople greatly expanded by Isaac II?

Answer 62

1189

Question 63

In what year was Thomas Becket, Archbishop of Canterbury, murdered, undermining Henry II’s plans to crusade?

Answer 63

1170

Question 64

In what year were both Raymond III and Bohemond III captured at the second battle of Artah (Harim)?

Answer 64

1164

Question 65

In which battle did Nureddin defeat and kill Prince Raymond of Antioch in 1149?

Answer 65

Inab

Question 66

In which battle in 1163 did King Amalric I of Jerusalem defeat and nearly kill Nureddin?

Answer 66

al-Buqaia

Question 67

In which decade did the militarisation of the Hospitallers accelerate most rapidly?

Answer 67

1160s

Question 68

In which territory had Prince Raymond being trying to take Byzantine towns in 1144-45?

Answer 68

Cilicia

Question 69

In which year did a small crusade led Duke Henry of Louvain and Ralph of Mauleon come to Outremer but achieve little?

Answer 69

1183

Question 70

In which year did French nobles including Hugh of Burgundy and Stephen of Sancerre visited Jerusalem but fail to provide support?

Answer 70

1171

Question 71

In which year did Nureddin aid the Armenian leader Mleh of Cilicia in expelling the Templars from their northern fortresses?

Answer 71

1172

Question 72

In which year did Nureddin and Amalric I die and Baldwin IV become king of Jerusalem?

Answer 72

1174

Question 73

In which year did Saladin abolish the Shia Fatimid Caliphate in Egypt?

Answer 73

1171

Question 74

In which year did Saladin fail to offer meaningful assistance to Nureddin’s siege of Kerak?

Answer 74

1173

Question 75

In which year was Nureddin’s ‘palace of Justice’ built in Damascus?

Answer 75

1163

Question 76

In which year was Thoros II of Cilicia able to escape the disastrous battle at Harim, unlike his Frankish allies?

Answer 76

1164

Question 77

In which year were Frankish and Byzantine efforts to seize the Egyptian port of Damietta unsuccessful?

Answer 77

1169

Question 78

In which year were visiting pilgrims a source of military strength for Jerusalem’s seizure of Ascalon?

Answer 78

1153

Question 79

Keys to which place were offered to both Louis VII of France and Henry II of England in 1184 but refused?

Answer 79

Jerusalem

Question 80

King Aimery of Lusignan was king of which crusader state in addition to Jerusalem?

Answer 80

Cyprus

Question 81

Large numbers of forces from the Third Crusade joined Guy of Lusignan’s siege of which key city?

Answer 81

Acre

Question 82

Members of what were executed by Saladin after the Battle of Hattin?

Answer 82

Military Orders

Question 83

News of whose death led to the collapse of the German Crusade of 1197?

Answer 83

Henry VI of Germany

Question 84

Pilgrim access to which site was guaranteed by the Truce of Jaffa in September 1192?

Answer 84

Holy Sepulchre

Question 85

Saladin distinguished himself at which battle against Amalric of Jerusalem in March 1167?

Answer 85

al-Babayn

Question 86

Saladin’s siege of which Frankish castle was broken by Baldwin IV in November-December 1183?

Answer 86

Kerak

Question 87

The Byzantines provided 300 ships to assist in the Frankish siege of which Egyptian city in 1169?

Answer 87

Damietta

Question 88

The capture of which Muslim city in 1153 was almost undermined by the premature and greedy attack of the Templars?

Answer 88

Ascalon

Question 89

The daughter of which Frankish princess did Manuel I initially plan to marry but then scandalously reject c.1161?

Answer 89

Hodierna

Question 90

The Grand Master of which Military Order wrote a series of unsuccessful letters to Louis VII of France asking for aid in Egypt?

Answer 90

Templars

Question 91

The land link between the kingdom of Jerusalem and which crusader state was restored in 1197?

Answer 91

County of Tripoli

Question 92

The Latin siege of which major city lasted nearly two years and led to humiliating defeat for Saladin in 1191?

Answer 92

Acre

Question 93

The leader of which faction opposed to attacking Zara sought to undermine Dandalo’s negotiations in November 1202?

Answer 93

Simon de Montfort

Question 94

The reign of Andronicus I (1183-85) was characterized by what?

Answer 94

violent civil strife

Question 95

The siege of which Frankish castle did Saladin abandon in October 1171 to Nureddin’s annoyance?

Answer 95

Montreal

Question 96

The siege of which Muslim city lasted only five days and was a military disaster for the Second Crusade in July 1148?

Answer 96

Damascus

Question 97

Thierry of Flanders led an army in 1157 to besiege which city, but his disputes with Reynald of Antioch regarding overlordship led to failure?

Answer 97

Shaizar

Question 98

Until when did Alexius IV ask the Fourth Crusade to stay at Constantinople after failing to fully pay them?

Answer 98

March 1204

Question 99

Victory over Nureddin at which battle in August 1150 allowed Baldwin III to safely evacuate surviving Franks from Edessa?

Answer 99

Aintab

Question 100

Victory over the Zengids at which battle, in April 1175, left Saladin in control of Damascus, Baalbek and Homs?

Answer 100

Horns of Hama

Question 101

What actions against pagans in the Baltic siphoned off German support for the Second Crusade?

Answer 101

The Wendish Crusade

Question 102

What affliction undermined Baldwin IV’s health and kingship?

Answer 102

Leprosy

Question 103

What aid did Henry II send every year instead of knights as absolution for killing Becket?

Answer 103

2,000 silver marks

Question 104

What could the military orders set on their own without reference to the rulers of Outremer?

Answer 104

Military policy

Question 105

What did Amalric and the Hospitallers fear Manuel I would exclude them from at Damietta in 1169?

Answer 105

Spoil of war

Question 106

What did Byzantium provide to the Kingdom of Jerusalem that was most important to aid attacks on Egypt?

Answer 106

Naval support

Question 107

What did Latin priests claim the Greeks were, therefore justifying the attack in April 1204 (violating Innocent III’s wishes)?

Answer 107

schismatics

Question 108

What did many in the Latin West perceive that the Franks of Outremer lived in, thus making assistance undeserved?

Answer 108

Luxury

Question 109

What did Nureddin send to Egypt in 1173, demonstrating suspicion of Saladin’s loyalty?

Answer 109

Auditors

Question 110

What did Saladin bring to an end in September 1171?

Answer 110

Fatimid dynasty

Question 111

What did Saladin largely conquer in three months after the battle of Hattin in 1187?

Answer 111

Kingdom of Jerusalem

Question 112

What did the Hospitallers hope to gain from their support for an invasion of Egypt in 1168?

Answer 112

Bilbais

Question 113

What did Western Christians perceive that the Franks of Outremer lived in and thus could pay for their own defence?

Answer 113

Luxury

Question 114

What factor linked Theobald of Champagne, Louis of Blois and Baldwin of Flanders?

Answer 114

Kinship (Crusading pedigrees)

Question 115

What had declined to only thirty galleys by 1196?

Answer 115

Byzantine navy

Question 116

What happened to Reynald of Chatillon after his capture at Hattin in July 1187?

Answer 116

Execution

Question 117

What is the Islamic term referring to the religious duty of Muslims to maintain the religion?

Answer 117

Jihad

Question 118

What is the name of the Islamic education centres built in Syria, half of which in the 1160s were built by Nureddin?

Answer 118

Madrassas

Question 119

What is the term used to describe Nureddin’s increased religious devotion possible coming from a near death experience?

Answer 119

Inner conversion

Question 120

What item, constructed by Nureddin, was placed in the al-Aqsa mosque after Saladin’s conquest of Jerusalem?

Answer 120

‘Minbar of Saladin’

Question 121

What killed William of Montferrat in June 1177 leaving Sibylla pregnant with his son?

Answer 121

Malaria

Question 122

What major coastal city was captured by Baldwin III of Jerusalem in 1153?

Answer 122

Ascalon

Question 123

What percentage of her losses from 1171 had Venice been compensated for in reparations payments by 1203?

Answer 123

Eighty-five

Question 124

What phenomenon led to the increasing sale of castles and territories to the military orders?

Answer 124

Feudal Poverty

Question 125

What strategic territory from Tyre to Jaffa was restored by the Third Crusade?

Answer 125

Levantine coast

Question 126

What strategic territory was restored by the Third Crusade?

Answer 126

The coast

Question 127

What tax on property was one of those levied in Outremer to raise funds to purchase mercenaries?

Answer 127

Terraticum

Question 128

What term is used to describe the social ties/obligations of some Latin noble families to crusade like their forefathers?

Answer 128

crusading pedigrees

Question 129

What term was used by Bernard of Clairvaux to refer to those he wished to undertake the Second Crusade?

Answer 129

Lucky generation

Question 130

What tribute was to be paid to the Franks every year after their successful campaign of 1167?

Answer 130

100,000 Gold Dinars

Question 131

What type of impact did the defeat at Myriocephalum have on the Byzantine Empire?

Answer 131

Psychological

Question 132

What was established in Cairo after Amalric’s invasion in 1167?

Answer 132

Frankish garrison

Question 133

What was guaranteed by the Truce of Jaffa that ended the Third Crusade in 1192?

Answer 133

Pilgrim access

Question 134

What was made worse by the 1204 sack of Constantinople?

Answer 134

Great Schism

Question 135

What was the absolute maximum number of barons and knights in the kingdom of Jerusalem according to Runciman?

Answer 135

One thousand

Question 136

What was the debt that almost destroyed the Hospitallers after the failed Egyptian invasion of 1168?

Answer 136

100,000 Bezants

Question 137

What was the dowry of Theodora given to Baldwin III when he married her in 1158?

Answer 137

100,000 gold pieces

Question 138

What was the name of Amalric I’s first wife whom divorced in order to become king?

Answer 138

Agnes of Courtenay

Question 139

What was the name of crusading bull that launched the Third Crusade in October 1187?

Answer 139

Audita Tremendi

Question 140

What was the name of the papal instruction issued by Alexander III calling on people to crusade rather than send money to Outremer?

Answer 140

Inter Omnia

Question 141

What was the name of the Pope who issued Quantum Praedecessores in December 1145?

Answer 141

Eugenius III

Question 142

What was the secretly agreed initial target of the Fourth Crusade in order to make Jerusalem secure?

Answer 142

Egypt

Question 143

What was the total estimated amount looted from Constantinople by the Fourth Crusade in April 1204?

Answer 143

c. 800,000 silver marks

Question 144

What was used by Richard I and Philip II to raise funds for the Third Crusade?

Answer 144

Saladin Tithe

Question 145

What were locally armed and trained light cavalry largely made up of native Christians and those of mixed parentage?

Answer 145

Turcopoles

Question 146

What, held by abbot Guy of Vaux de Cernay, forbade the Fourth Crusaders to attack Zara under threat of excommunication?

Answer 146

papal letter

Question 147

When did a Greek mob attack Latin merchants in Constantinople driving the Pisans into supporting the Fourth Crusade?

Answer 147

18 August 1203

Question 148

When did a war break out between between Pisa and Genoa that spread to Constantinople where 1,000 Pisans (with Venetians and Greeks) attacked the 300 Genoese?

Answer 148

Summer 1162

Question 149

When did Al-Aziz, Al-Adil and Az-Zahir depose and exile Al-Afdal from Damascus?

Answer 149

July 1196

Question 150

When did al-Aziz, Saladin’s son and successor in Egypt die in a hunting accident?

Answer 150

November 1198

Question 151

When did Alexander III issue his unsuccessful papal bull, Inter Omnia, calling for Latins to crusade?

Answer 151

29 July 1169

Question 152

When did Amalric visit Constantinople in person to request aid for the Kingdom of Jerusalem?

Answer 152

March 1171

Question 153

When did Baldwin IV achieve a great victory over Saladin at Montgisard?

Answer 153

November 1177

Question 154

When did Baldwin IV arrange the marriage of Sibylla and Guy in response to a feared coup against him?

Answer 154

April 1180

Question 155

When did Baldwin IV die leaving his nephew, a seven-year old boy, as King of Jerusalem?

Answer 155

March 1185

Question 156

When did Boniface of Montferrat rejoin the Fourth Crusade to discuss Prince Alexius’s offer having missed the attack on Zara?

Answer 156

December 1202

Question 157

When did crusader relations with Alexius IV collapse despite his previous promises to pay them?

Answer 157

December 1203

Question 158

When did Guy of Jerusalem begin the two-year siege of Acre in defiance of Saladin?

Answer 158

August 1189

Question 159

When did Henry VI of Germany first pledge to lead a crusade to Outremer?

Answer 159

March 1195

Question 160

When did Isaac II agree to re-establish a mosque in Constantinople?

Answer 160

Summer 1189

Question 161

When did Jerusalem fall to Saladin after a two-week siege?

Answer 161

October 1187

Question 162

When did Manuel I arrest all Venetians in the Byzantine Empire and confiscate their property?

Answer 162

March 1171

Question 163

When did Manuel I order the mass arrest of Venetians throughout the Empire, including 10,000 in Constantinople?

Answer 163

1170

Question 164

When did Nureddin die at his citadel in Damascus?

Answer 164

May 1174

Question 165

When did Nureddin’s ally Mleh seize power in Cilicia, depriving the Franks of Antioch of potential support?

Answer 165

1170

Question 166

When did Queen Sibylla die outside of Acre undermining Guy’s kingship?

Answer 166

July 1190

Question 167

When did Raymond III of Tripoli and Bohemond III of Antioch attempt to force Sibylla to marry Baldwin of Ibelin?

Answer 167

Easter 1180

Question 168

When did Saladin die from a fever at Damascus?

Answer 168

March 1193

Question 169

When did Saladin launch a devastating raid against the southern border of the kingdom of Jerusalem?

Answer 169

December 1170

Question 170

When did Saladin threaten to dispossess al-Mansur the son of Taqi al-Din, first granting his lands to al-Afdal then al-Adil?

Answer 170

Spring 1192

Question 171

When did Saladin’s attack fail to dislodge the Latins besieging Acre?

Answer 171

October 1189

Question 172

When did Saladin’s forces successfully clash with Kilij Arslan II’s to keep territory taken by Nureddin in 1173?

Answer 172

1179

Question 173

When did Saladin’s initial major attack fail to dislodge the Latins besieging Acre?

Answer 173

October 1189

Question 174

When did the Archbishop of Pisa arrive at Tyre with 52 ships, thus preventing Saladin’s naval blockade?

Answer 174

April 1189

Question 175

When did the Fourth crusaders successfully capture Constantinople for their ally, removing Alexius III?

Answer 175

July 1203

Question 176

When did the pro-Frankish Emperor Manuel I die?

Answer 176

1180

Question 177

When did the Venetians have to concede defeat in their conflict with Manuel I of Byzantium?

Answer 177

May 1172

Question 178

When did the Venetians sign a treaty with Norman Sicily in an attempt to force Byzantines to improve relations?

Answer 178

1175

Question 179

When did Zara fall to the Fourth Crusade (and was then ransacked)?

Answer 179

24 November 1202

Question 180

When Doge Michiel return to Venice with the fleet remnants after being defeated in the Byzantine-Venetian War?

Answer 180

May 1172

Question 181

When was Emperor Andronicus I killed by a mob in Constantinople?

Answer 181

September 1185

Question 182

When was the bulk of the Latin community in Constantinople (c.60,000) wiped out or forced to flee?

Answer 182

April 1182

Question 183

When was Zengi murdered while he slept by one of his own servants?

Answer 183

September 1146

Question 184

When, possibly prompting revenge, had Latin merchants been massacred in Constantinople?

Answer 184

1182

Question 185

When, possibly prompting revenge, had Venetians and their possessions been seized throughout the Byzantine Empire?

Answer 185

1171

Question 186

Where did Guy of Lusignan follow Raymond’s advice and avoid battle with Saladin’s forces in September 1183?

Answer 186

al-Fule

Question 187

Where did major flooding and an earthquake occur (1199-1202) prompting effective action from Al-Adil?

Answer 187

Egypt

Question 188

Where did Philip of Flanders join an unsuccessful siege on behalf of the prince of Antioch in 1177?

Answer 188

Harim

Question 189

Where did Reynald of Chatillon become lord of after his marriage to Stephanie of Mily in 1177?

Answer 189

Oultrejordain

Question 190

Where did Saladin use capable administrators such as Qadi al-Fadil and al-Makhzumi to generate huge wealth?

Answer 190

Egypt

Question 191

Where did Saladin’s army destroy a Templar and Hospitaller force on 1 May 1187?

Answer 191

Cresson

Question 192

Where did the crusaders and Franks meet to decide upon a target for the Second Crusade in June 1148?

Answer 192

Acre

Question 193

Where did the first reinforcements from the West come from after Hattin in 1188?

Answer 193

Norman Sicily

Question 194

Where did the Fourth Crusade arrive in May 1203, encounter resistance to Alexius and face massive internal division?

Answer 194

Corfu

Question 195

Where did the Second crusaders accused the Byzantines of attacking their forces on their journey to Constantinople?

Answer 195

Balkans

Question 196

Where did the threat of Byzantine intervention act as an effective deterrent to Nureddin?

Answer 196

Northern Syria

Question 197

Where did the Turks break Louis VII’s forces in Anatolia in January 1148?

Answer 197

Mount Cadmus

Question 198

Where else did Eugenius III grant crusading privileges against Muslims at the time of the Second crusade?

Answer 198

Spain

Question 199

Where had Nureddin declined to attack out of fear of Byzantine military strength?

Answer 199

Antioch

Question 200

Where was Baldwin III defeated in battle by Nureddin in June 1157?

Answer 200

Lake Huleh

Question 201

Where was the Frankish army marching to relieve when they were attacked at Hattin in 1187?

Answer 201

Tiberias

Question 202

Where was there a conflict over the succession that dragged on between 1201 and 1219?

Answer 202

Principality of Antioch

Question 203

Where were Frederick I’s ambassadors incarcerated by Isaac II in 1189?

Answer 203

Constantinople

Question 204

Where were the Frankish armies marching to relieve when they were attacked at Hattin?

Answer 204

Tiberias

Question 205

Where were the German forces of the Second Crusade annihilated by the Turks in October 1147?

Answer 205

*Dorylaeum (2nd)

Question 206

Which Abbasid caliph (from 1180) criticised Saladin even after the capture of Jerusalem, out of fear of his power?

Answer 206

al-Nasir

Question 207

Which Abbasid caliph acknowledged Saladin as ‘Sultan of Egypt and Syria’ in 1176?

Answer 207

al-Mustadi

Question 208

Which Armenian ruler of Cilicia allied with the Templars against the Seljuk Sultan of Rum in 1154?

Answer 208

Thoros II

Question 209

Which Ayyubid controlled Aleppo upon the death of Saladin in 1193?

Answer 209

Az-Zahir

Question 210

Which Ayyubid controlled Egypt upon the death of Saladin in 1193?

Answer 210

Al-Aziz

Question 211

Which Ayyubid controlled most of Syria and Palestine upon the death of Saladin in 1193?

Answer 211

Al-Afdal

Question 212

Which Ayyubid faction, the mamluks of Saladin, wanted Saladin’s brother al-Adil to become regent of Egypt in 1198?

Answer 212

Salahiyya

Question 213

Which Ayyubid faction, the mamluks of Shirkuh, favoured Saladin’s son al-Afdal to become regent of Egypt in 1198?

Answer 213

Asadiyya

Question 214

Which baron was most opposed to Guy of Lusignan’s kingship?

Answer 214

Raymond III of Tripoli

Question 215

Which battle did Manuel I compared his defeat in 1176 by the Seljuk Turks to?

Answer 215

Manzikert

Question 216

Which battle did Nureddin win in Syria in 1164, undermining Amalric’s position in Egypt?

Answer 216

Harim

Question 217

Which battle in 1176 destroyed the Byzantine army of the pro-Latin Emperor Manuel I?

Answer 217

Myriocephalum

Question 218

Which blind, elderly, and clever Doge of Venice took the cross (after the crusade was diverted to Zara) in September 1202?

Answer 218

Enrico Dandalo

Question 219

Which brother of Conrad led the Fourth Crusade from August 1201 after Theobald’s death?

Answer 219

Boniface of Montferrat

Question 220

Which brother of Nureddin accepted his overlordship of Mosul in 1149?

Answer 220

Qutb ad-Din

Question 221

Which Byzantine Christian island was raided and sacked by Reynald of Antioch in 1156?

Answer 221

Cyprus

Question 222

Which Byzantine city did Frederick I seize in 1189 in retaliation for Isaac II’s acts against him?

Answer 222

Philippopolis

Question 223

Which Byzantine emperor allied with both Baldwin III and Amalric?

Answer 223

Manuel I

Question 224

Which Byzantine emperor had attempted to revoke the privileges of Venice in the 1120s but had been humiliated?

Answer 224

John II

Question 225

Which Byzantine emperor was accused of not helping the Second Crusade but became an ally of Outremer?

Answer 225

Manuel I

Question 226

Which Byzantine military defeat in 1176 undermined its strength in Anatolia and Syria?

Answer 226

Myriocephalum

Question 227

Which Byzantine princess did Amalric of Jerusalem marry in 1167?

Answer 227

Maria

Question 228

Which Byzantine princess did Baldwin III marry in 1158?

Answer 228

Theodora

Question 229

Which Byzantine usurper fled Constantinople just before the Fourth Crusade successfully attacked on 12-13 April 1204?

Answer 229

Alexius V

Question 230

Which Christian city did the Venetians ask the crusade to capture for them in return for extending them a loan?

Answer 230

Zara

Question 231

Which city did Guy besiege from 1189 after his release by Saladin?

Answer 231

Acre

Question 232

Which city did Nureddin fail to take in two unsuccessful sieges in 1150 and 1151?

Answer 232

Damascus

Question 233

Which city did Raymond of Antioch unsuccessfully urge Louis VII to attack in 1148?

Answer 233

Aleppo

Question 234

Which city did Richard I retake from Saladin’s recent conquest in July-August 1192?

Answer 234

Jaffa

Question 235

Which city did the Ayyubid al-Aziz attempt to take from his brother al-Afdal in 1194 and 1195?

Answer 235

Damascus

Question 236

Which city on the Egyptian coast was the target of a joint land/sea attack by Byzantium and Jerusalem in 1169?

Answer 236

Damietta

Question 237

Which city took three entire days for the Fourth crusade to sack in mid-April 1204?

Answer 237

Constantinople

Question 238

Which city was not captured by the Third crusaders despite two marches in 1192?

Answer 238

Jerusalem

Question 239

Which city was reconquered by the Third Crusade in July 1191 after two years?

Answer 239

Acre

Question 240

Which city’s capture on 2 October 1187 cemented Saladin’s reputation as a successful leader of the Jihad?

Answer 240

Jerusalem

Question 241

Which city’s new leader Conrad resisted Saladin in July 1187 and again between November 1187 and January 1188?

Answer 241

Tyre

Question 242

Which city-state offered transportation and supplies for 33,500 knights, squires and footsoldiers?

Answer 242

Venice

Question 243

Which claimant to be German Emperor supported his brother-in-law Alexius Angelus in diverting the Fourth Crusade?

Answer 243

Philip of Swabia

Question 244

Which corrupt Patriarch of Jerusalem and reputed lover of Agnes of Courtenay was a key backer of Sibylla?

Answer 244

Heraclius

Question 245

Which cousin of Theobald of Champagne took the cross with him at Ecry in November 1199?

Answer 245

Louis of Blois

Question 246

Which crusader state’s eastern border was, in effect, defended by the Hospitallers?

Answer 246

County of Tripoli

Question 247

Which daughter of King Louis VII of France did Andronicus I marry in 1183?

Answer 247

Agnes

Question 248

Which daughter of Unur of Damascus did Nureddin marry in 1147 to seal their alliance?

Answer 248

Ismat

Question 249

Which element of the Fourth crusade was excommunicated for a lack of penance regarding the attack on Zara?

Answer 249

Venetians

Question 250

Which Emir of Erbil and Zengid supporter, opposed Saladin at the Horms of Hama but then defected to support him in 1182?

Answer 250

Gokbori

Question 251

Which English archbishop of Canterbury was killed in 1170 by men acting for Henry II of England?

Answer 251

Thomas Becket

Question 252

Which event after the Fourth Crusade was an example of how crusading was turned against Christian heretics?

Answer 252

Albigensian Crusade

Question 253

Which famous knight undertook crusading in 1184 to fulfil the vow of his deceased master?

Answer 253

William Marshal

Question 254

Which Fatimid coastal city was captured by Baldwin III of Jerusalem in 1153?

Answer 254

Ascalon

Question 255

Which former Venetian possession did the Doge demand be recaptured by the Fourth Crusade?

Answer 255

Zara

Question 256

Which formerly Christian prince of Armenia was a major threat to Bohemond III in Cilicia until 1175?

Answer 256

Mleh

Question 257

Which fortification was Richard I forced to dismantle and surrender due to the truce of Jaffa in 1192?

Answer 257

Ascalon

Question 258

Which fourth husband of Queen Isabella ruled as king of Jerusalem from 1197 to 1205?

Answer 258

Aimery of Lusignan

Question 259

Which Frankish archbishop was sent in 1169 to secure aid from the West for Outremer?

Answer 259

Frederick of Tyre

Question 260

Which Frankish baron was most opposed to Guy of Lusignan?

Answer 260

Raymond III of Tripoli

Question 261

Which Frankish baron was particularly provocative in his actions against Muslims?

Answer 261

Reynald of Chatillon

Question 262

Which Frankish castle did Nureddin unsuccessfully attack in 1153?

Answer 262

Banias

Question 263

Which Frankish city resisted Saladin in July 1187 and again between November 1187 and January 1188?

Answer 263

Tyre

Question 264

Which Frankish city was captured by al-Adil during the German Crusade of 1197?

Answer 264

Jaffa

Question 265

Which Frankish city was heavily exposed to Muslim attack and was taken by Zengi in 1144?

Answer 265

Edessa

Question 266

Which Frankish leader’s kingship was opposed by his barons but supported by Richard I?

Answer 266

Guy of Lusignan

Question 267

Which Frankish noble family were Raymond III’s most powerful allies in the Kingdom of Jerusalem?

Answer 267

Ibelins

Question 268

Which Frankish priest was sent in 1169 to secure aid from the West for Outremer but was largely unsuccessful?

Answer 268

Frederick of Tyre

Question 269

Which Frankish princess did Manuel I marry in 1162?

Answer 269

Maria of Antioch

Question 270

Which French king returned to Europe after the capture of Acre in late July 1191?

Answer 270

Philip II

Question 271

Which French negotiator and participant wrote an account of the Fourth Crusade?

Answer 271

Geoffrey of Villehardouin

Question 272

Which French noble led pilgrims that assisted Frankish forces at al-Buqaia in 1163 and at Harim in 1164?

Answer 272

Hugh VIII of Lusignan

Question 273

Which French noble returned to Outremer and assisted Amalric of Jerusalem in the years 1164 to 1166?

Answer 273

Thierry of Flanders

Question 274

Which French noble visited Jerusalem in 1171 but decided not to marry Princess Sibylla despite his previous agreement?

Answer 274

Stephen of Sancerre

Question 275

Which French noble was the first leader of the Fourth Crusade?

Answer 275

Theobald of Champagne

Question 276

Which German Emperor launched the German Crusade of 1197 but died in September 1197 before he could join it?

Answer 276

Henry VI

Question 277

Which German ruler recognised the authority of three successive antipopes (Victor IV, Paschal III and Callixtus III) undermining Pope Alexander III?

Answer 277

Emperor Frederick I

Question 278

Which Grand Master of the Hospitallers from 1177 to 1187 was killed at the Battle of Cresson?

Answer 278

Roger de Moulins

Question 279

Which Grand Master promised to provide Amalric I with 500 knights and 500 Turcopoles, in 1168?

Answer 279

Gilbert d’Assailly

Question 280

Which great city did the Franks temporarily capture in 1167 after a brief siege?

Answer 280

Alexandria

Question 281

Which great city surrendered almost immediately to Saladin on 8 July 1187?

Answer 281

Acre

Question 282

Which great victory did Baldwin IV achieve over Saladin in 1177?

Answer 282

Montgisard

Question 283

Which victory of Baldwin IV over Saladin in 1177 persuaded many in the Latin West that the Franks were not in danger?

Answer 283

Montgisard

Question 284

Which group did Baldwin III make enforce a trade embargo upon Fatimid Egypt in 1156?

Answer 284

Pisans

Question 285

Which group did the Templars attack in 1173 despite the safe conduct and deal they had made with Amalric?

Answer 285

Assassins

Question 286

Which group opposed Sibylla’s (and especially Guy’s) succession to the throne?

Answer 286

’The Pullani’

Question 287

Which group rejected Saladin’s attempted dominance of Syria between 1174 and 1183?

Answer 287

Zengids

Question 288

Which group supported Sibylla’s succession to the throne?

Answer 288

’Court party’

Question 289

Which historian believes that Baldwin III envisaged a ‘Grand Alliance’ of all Christian powers of the Near East against Nureddin?

Answer 289

Prawer

Question 290

Which holy relic was raised in front of the troops before the battle at Montgisard and was lost at Hattin?

Answer 290

True Cross

Question 291

Which important castle served as the de facto headquarters of the Hospitallers?

Answer 291

Krak des Chevaliers

Question 292

Which insurrection against Henry II of England by his family in 1173-74 made it impossible for Henry II to crusade?

Answer 292

Great Rebellion

Question 293

Which island’s conquest in 1191 greatly added to the security of the crusader states?

Answer 293

Cyprus

Question 294

Which Italian city-state sent forces that helped to defend Tyre from Saladin in 1189?

Answer 294

Pisa

Question 295

Which Italian was Sibylla married to in 1177 in the hope that he would bring Latin aid to Outremer?

Answer 295

William of Montferrat

Question 296

Which king of Jerusalem appealed repeatedly in the 1160s for his kinsman, Henry II of England to aid him?

Answer 296

Amalric

Question 297

Which king of Jerusalem came to the throne in 1174 afflicted with leprosy?

Answer 297

Baldwin IV

Question 298

Which king of Jerusalem was assassinated on the streets of Tyre in April 1192?

Answer 298

Conrad

Question 299

Which king of Sicily led a massive fleet against Alexandria in 1174?

Answer 299

William II

Question 300

Which king returned to Europe after the capture of Acre in July 1191?

Answer 300

Philip II of France

Question 301

Which kingdom did Queen Isabella of Jerusalem’s fourth husband Aimery (from 1198) also rule?

Answer 301

Cyprus

Question 302

Which Latin action ended successfully after 23 months following Richard I and Philip II’s arrival?

Answer 302

Siege of Acre

Question 303

Which Latin noble arrived in Outremer shortly after Hattin and successful held Tyre against Saladin?

Answer 303

Conrad of Montferrat

Question 304

Which major Byzantine defeat to the Seljuk Turks of Rum happened on September 17, 1176?

Answer 304

Myriocephalum

Question 305

Which military order refused to participate in the Frankish invasion of Egypt in 1168?

Answer 305

Templars

Question 306

Which minor French knight had joined the Second Crusade but then served Baldwin III at Ascalon before marrying Constance of Antioch in 1153?

Answer 306

Reynald of Chatillon

Question 307

Which Muslim city’s ruler only acknowledged Saladin’s overlordship in 1186?

Answer 307

Mosul

Question 308

Which Muslim group did Saladin come to terms with in 1176 after his war on them failed?

Answer 308

Assassins

Question 309

Which Muslim leader succeeded in encircling the Kingdom of Jerusalem in the 1170s and 1180s?

Answer 309

Saladin

Question 310

Which nephew of Saladin left the siege of Acre in March 1191 and did not return?

Answer 310

Taqi al-Din

Question 311

Which new pope from January 1198 was highly ambitious and determined to assert papal leadership of crusading?

Answer 311

Innocent III

Question 312

Which of the military orders encouraged Amalric to invade Egypt in 1168 against the advice of others?

Answer 312

Hospitallers

Question 313

Which papal bull did Pope Innocent III use to launch the Fourth Crusade on 15 August 1198?

Answer 313

Post Miserabile

Question 314

Which papal bull, in response to the defeat at Hattin, launched the Third Crusade on 29 October 1187?

Answer 314

Audita Tremendi

Question 315

Which papal bull, issued by Alexander III on 29 July 1169 calling for people to crusade, was not successful?

Answer 315

Inter Omnia

Question 316

Which papal legate refused to condone the diversion to Zara and did not accompany them there?

Answer 316

Peter Capuano

Question 317

Which papal letter encouraging crusading was issued by Alexander III in 1181?

Answer 317

Cor Nostrum

Question 318

Which part of the Third Crusade did Isaac II inform Saladin about as they crossed into Byzantine territory?

Answer 318

Germans

Question 319

Which people did the Fourth crusaders approach to provide transportation?

Answer 319

Venetians

Question 320

Which persistent but inconsistent source of military strength was more useful to the Kingdom of Jerusalem than others?

Answer 320

Pilgrims

Question 321

Which person restored unity to the kingdom of Jerusalem by marrying Isabella in May 1192?

Answer 321

Henry of Champagne

Question 322

Which person seized the throne in violation of Baldwin IV’s will in August 1186?

Answer 322

Sibylla

Question 323

Which person succeeded Baldwin IV but died only one year later in August 1186?

Answer 323

Baldwin V

Question 324

Which place was granted to the Knights Hospitaller by Bohemond III in 1168?

Answer 324

Apamea

Question 325

Which place’s conquest by Richard I in 1191 greatly added to the security of Outremer?

Answer 325

Cyprus

Question 326

Which pope from 1181 to 1185 made a largely unsuccessful crusading appeal in 1184?

Answer 326

Lucius III

Question 327

Which pope issued Audita Tremendi in October 1187 in response to defeat at Hattin?

Answer 327

Gregory VIII

Question 328

Which pope issued the crusading appeal Cor Nostrum in January 1181 to little effect?

Answer 328

Alexander III

Question 329

Which pope repeatedly called for crusading support to help Outremer between 1159 and 1181?

Answer 329

Alexander III

Question 330

Which pope was instrumental in organising support for the Fourth Crusade?

Answer 330

Innocent III

Question 331

Which pope, between 1159 and 1181, made repeated unsuccessful attempts to encourage crusading?

Answer 331

Alexander III

Question 332

Which pope, between 1181 and 1184, issued a crusading appeal but to little effect?

Answer 332

Lucius III

Question 333

Which powerful German noble undertook a pilgrimage to Outremer in 1172 but offered no military support?

Answer 333

Henry the Lion

Question 334

Which princess of Antioch was married to Raymond of Poitiers and later to Raynald of Chatillon?

Answer 334

Constance

Question 335

Which prominent Latin nobleman was murdered in the Byzantine power struggle in 1183?

Answer 335

Renier of Montferrat

Question 336

Which Red Sea castle was recaptured by Saladin from the Franks in December 1170?

Answer 336

Aila

Question 337

Which rich, powerful noble in Europe whose family had a long crusading pedigree joined the crusade shortly after Ecry?

Answer 337

Baldwin of Flanders

Question 338

Which ruler of Homs plotted to exploit Saladin’s expected death in 1186 but then died himself of excessive drinking?

Answer 338

Muhammad ibn Shirkuh

Question 339

Which ruler of Jerusalem died in September 1197 after accidentally falling from a window?

Answer 339

Henry of Champagne

Question 340

Which ruler of Mosul from 1180 led the remaining opposition to Saladin until 1186?

Answer 340

Izz ad-Din

Question 341

Which ruler of Mosul, built a coalition of Muslim leaders to oppose Saladin between 1174 and 1180?

Answer 341

Sayf al-Din

Question 342

Which Second Crusader’s arrival caused tensions in the County of Tripoli until his suspicious death in 1148 due to his superior claim to Raymond II?

Answer 342

Alfonso-Jordan

Question 343

Which sister of Saladin was married to the emir of Homs to greater bind him to the Ayyubids?

Answer 343

Zumurrud

Question 344

Which son and heir of Nureddin did Saladin claimed to be working for him but instead worked against him?

Answer 344

al-Salih

Question 345

Which son of Bohemond III of Tripoli became Count of Tripoli from 1187 until 1233?

Answer 345

Bohemond IV

Question 346

Which tax was raised by Richard I to fund the Third Crusade?

Answer 346

Saladin tithe

Question 347

Which territories were conquered by the Fourth Crusade and diverted future crusading away from Outremer?

Answer 347

Frankish Greece

Question 348

Which territory belonging to Damascus did Baldwin III invade in Spring 1147, driving Unur to ally with Nureddin?

Answer 348

The Hauran

Question 349

Which territory did Saladin begin to seize after Nureddin’s death in 1174?

Answer 349

Syria

Question 350

Which territory did the remaining Zengids unsuccessfully attempt to regain after Saladin’s death in 1193?

Answer 350

Jazira

Question 351

Which territory in the Kingdom of Jerusalem did the Templars come to rule virtually independently?

Answer 351

Gaza

Question 352

Which territory in the Principality of Antioch did the Templars ruled virtually independently?

Answer 352

Baghras

Question 353

Which territory was administered by Amalric of Jerusalem after Raymond III’s capture at Harim in 1164?

Answer 353

County of Tripoli

Question 354

Which territory was Saladin’s first strategic objective after Hattin?

Answer 354

Levantine coast

Question 355

Which territory was Saladin’s first strategic objective after the Battle of Hattin?

Answer 355

The coast

Question 356

Which town was besieged by Saladin in early July 1187 after the truce was broken by Raynald of Chatillon’s attack on a caravan?

Answer 356

Tiberias

Question 357

Which town’s capture in January 1158 was the only tangible achievement of Thierry of Flander’s expedition to Outremer between 1156 and 1159?

Answer 357

Harim

Question 358

Which truce ended the Third Crusade in early September 1192?

Answer 358

Treaty of Jaffa

Question 359

Which uncle of Sibylla helped to lead the coup that put her on the throne in 1186?

Answer 359

Joscelin III

Question 360

Which usurper was removed from the Byzantine throne with crusader support in July 1203?

Answer 360

Alexius III

Question 361

Which Venetian ambassador negotiated the return of the Venetians to Constantinople in the years 1182 to 1184?

Answer 361

Enrico Dandalo

Question 362

Which vital crossing point in did Saladin prevented Baldwin IV from fully fortifying in 1179?

Answer 362

Jacob’s Ford

Question 363

Which wealthy city did the German Crusade of 1197 recapture for the Franks?

Answer 363

Beirut

Question 364

Which widow of Nureddin did Saladin marry in 1176 to increase the legitimacy of his claim to be ‘Sultan of Egypt and Syria’?

Answer 364

Ismat

Question 365

Which young son of Al-Aziz ruled Egypt for only two years before being overthrown by al-Adil in 1200?

Answer 365

Al-Mansur

Question 366

Which Zengid powerbase fell to Saladin in 1183 two years after the death of al-Salih?

Answer 366

Aleppo

Question 367

Who became regent for the ten-year-old emperor Alexius II in 1180?

Answer 367

Empress Maria of Antioch

Question 368

Who commanded the German forces during their crusade of 1197?

Answer 368

Henry of Brabant

Question 369

Who defended the city of Jerusalem from Saladin for two weeks in September 1187?

Answer 369

Balian of Ibelin

Question 370

Who did Amalric write to asking unsuccessfully for assistance after a devastating earthquake in Summer 1170?

Answer 370

Louis VII of France

Question 371

Who did Conrad of Montferrat marry in 1190 to claim the throne (though both were already married)?

Answer 371

Queen Isabella

Question 372

Who did Isaac II seemingly forge an alliance with out of fear of his power?

Answer 372

Saladin

Question 373

Who did Manuel I unsuccessfully attempt to have married to Constance of Antioch in 1152?

Answer 373

John Roger

Question 374

Who did Maria Comnena, who was dispatched to Jerusalem, marry in 1167?

Answer 374

King Amalric

Question 375

Who did Saladin accompany to Egypt in the 1160s?

Answer 375

Shirkuh

Question 376

Who did Saladin formally recognise as overlord of Egypt between 1169 and 1174?

Answer 376

Nureddin

Question 377

Who did Saladin send to conquer Yemen from Muslims he claimed were heretical, in the years 1174 to 1176?

Answer 377

Turanshah

Question 378

Who did the Second crusaders accused of luring them into Turkish ambushes during the crossing of Anatolia?

Answer 378

Byzantine scouts

Question 379

Who died in 1153, humiliated and disgraced by the failure of the Second Crusade that he had championed?

Answer 379

Bernard of Clairvaux

Question 380

Who failed to return to the Muslim forces opposing the siege of Acre in Spring 1191 and died fighting Seljuk rivals?

Answer 380

Taqi al-Din

Question 381

Who fled Cilicia in the mid-1160s and converted to Islam becoming an ally of Nureddin?

Answer 381

Mleh

Question 382

Who had become the ruler of Syria, Upper Mesopotamia, Egypt, and Arabia by 1200?

Answer 382

Al-Adil

Question 383

Who ignored papal authority to seize the Templars who defied his will in 1173?

Answer 383

Amalric

Question 384

Who invaded Byzantium in 1185 and sacked Thessalonica?

Answer 384

William II of Sicily

Question 385

Who led a Flemish fleet that rejected the proposed diversion to Constantinople and sailed to Outremer?

Answer 385

John of Nesles

Question 386

Who led the Frankish resistance to Saladin in Tyre from July 1187 onwards?

Answer 386

Conrad of Montferrat

Question 387

Who led to an invasion of 200 ships and 80,000 men, including 5,000 knights to Thessalonica in 1185?

Answer 387

William II of Sicily

Question 388

Who married Princess Isabella at Kerak in 1183 whilst Saladin was attacking the castle?

Answer 388

Humphrey of Toron

Question 389

Who offered to pay 200,000 marks (among other things) to divert the Fourth crusade to Constantinople?

Answer 389

Prince Alexius (IV)

Question 390

Who opposed diversion to Constantinople, was sent to Outremer to explain the delay and did not speedily return?

Answer 390

Renaud de Montmirail

Question 391

Who proposed during the Third Crusade that his sister Joan should marry Saladin’s brother al-Adil?

Answer 391

Richard I

Question 392

Who recaptured Edessa from Joscelin II in December 1146 after the death of his father?

Answer 392

Nureddin

Question 393

Who restored unity to the kingdom of Jerusalem as ruler from May 1192?

Answer 393

Henry of Champagne

Question 394

Who seized the Byzantine crown in 1183 after exploiting hostility to Maria of Antioch?

Answer 394

Andronicus I

Question 395

Who seized the Byzantine throne and killed Andronicus I in September 1185?

Answer 395

Isaac II Angelus

Question 396

Who seized the Byzantine throne in 1183 and had Alexius II murdered?

Answer 396

Andronicus I

Question 397

Who sent 50 ships to aid the remaining Frankish territories of Tripoli and Antioch in 1188?

Answer 397

William II of Sicily

Question 398

Who started to send large sums of money to Jerusalem from 1172 onwards in penance for the murder of Thomas Becket?

Answer 398

Henry II of England

Question 399

Who succeeded as vizier of Egypt after the death of his uncle Shirkuh in 1169?

Answer 399

Saladin

Question 400

Who successfully defended Tyre after the fall of the kingdom of Jerusalem?

Answer 400

Conrad of Montferrat

Question 401

Who travelled North to pay his respects to Manuel I in 1159 after Reynald had been humiliated?

Answer 401

Baldwin III

Question 402

Who travelled to Outremer in 1177, allegedly to join a planned invasion of Egypt, but fell out with the Franks of Jerusalem?

Answer 402

Philip of Flanders

Question 403

Who unsuccessfully fought a war against the Byzantines in Cilicia in 1144 and 1145?

Answer 403

Raymond of Antioch

Question 404

Who was a noble of Outremer who left to move to Constantinople after the Fourth Crusade?

Answer 404

Stephen of Perche

Question 405

Who was deposed in a place coup in January 1204 and then murdered in February 1204?

Answer 405

Alexius IV

Question 406

Who was granted regency of Jerusalem in 1183 but stripped of it by the end of the year for his alleged cowardice?

Answer 406

Guy of Lusignan

Question 407

Who was one of the few lords of the Latin West to bring knights to Outremer but then died at Acre in 1168?

Answer 407

William IV of Nevers

Question 408

Who was one of the nobles of Outremer who left to move to Constantinople after the Fourth Crusade?

Answer 408

Stephen of Perche

Question 409

Who was princess Isabella married to in 1183 to remove her from the influence of the Ibelins?

Answer 409

Humphrey of Toron

Question 410

Who was proclaimed Emperor in 1185 after Andronicus I attempted to kill the aristocracy?

Answer 410

Isaac II Angelus

Question 411

Who was Saladin’s brother that by 1197 had started to achieve prominence over the other surviving Ayyubids?

Answer 411

al-Adil

Question 412

Who was Saladin’s loyal governor of Aleppo between 1183 and 1186 then administered Egypt from 1186 to 1192?

Answer 412

al-Adil (Saphadin)

Question 413

Who was Sultan of Rum that Manuel I had made a 12 year truce with and did not want to offend during the Second Crusade?

Answer 413

Mesud I

Question 414

Who was the brother of Conrad who ultimately led the Fourth Crusade?

Answer 414

Boniface of Montferrat

Question 415

Who was the charismatic preacher recruited by Innocent III to gather support for the Fourth Crusade?

Answer 415

Fulk of Neuilly

Question 416

Who was the chronicler that presented Nureddin as a just ruler inspired by Jihad?

Answer 416

Ibn al-Qalanisi

Question 417

Who was the first leader of the crusade and brother of Henry of Champagne, the former king of Jerusalem?

Answer 417

Theobald of Champagne

Question 418

Who was the Grand Master of Templars from 1169 to 1171, temporarily improving relations with Amalric of Jerusalem?

Answer 418

Philip of Nablus

Question 419

Who was the Grand Master of the Templars, and strong opponent of Raymond III, between 1184 and 1189?

Answer 419

Gerard de Ridefort

Question 420

Who was the Kurdish general who invaded Egypt to assert Nureddin’s overlordship?

Answer 420

Shirkuh

Question 421

Who was the leader of a faction that refused to attack the Zarans and abandoned the Fourth Crusade?

Answer 421

Simon de Montfort

Question 422

Who was the leader of the Venetians who joined the Fourth Crusade?

Answer 422

Enrico Dandalo

Question 423

Who was the papal legate sent to Venice to secure naval support and transportation for the Fourth Crusade?

Answer 423

Soffredo

Question 424

Who was the powerful constable of Jerusalem who sided with Baldwin III’s mother in 1150-52?

Answer 424

Manasses

Question 425

Who was the powerful mother of Baldwin III that refused to surrender power leading to tensions between 1150-52?

Answer 425

Melisende

Question 426

Who was the ruler of Jerusalem between 1192 and 1197 that was accidentally defenestrated?

Answer 426

Henry of Champagne

Question 427

Who was the ruler of the Kingdom of Jerusalem between 1143 and 1163?

Answer 427

Baldwin III

Question 428

Who was the ruler of the Kingdom of Jerusalem between 1163 and 1174?

Answer 428

Amalric

Question 429

Who was the ruler of the Principality of Antioch between 1153 and 1160?

Answer 429

Reynald

Question 430

Who was the ruler of the Principality of Antioch between 1163 and 1201?

Answer 430

Bohemond III

Question 431

Who was the Sultan of Rum that defeated the Byzantines at the battle of Myriocephalum?

Answer 431

Kilij Arslan II

Question 432

Who was the unpopular Latin mother and regent for Alexius II in the years 1180 to 1182?

Answer 432

Maria of Antioch

Question 433

Who was the vizier of Egypt that was ousted from power in 1163?

Answer 433

Shawar

Question 434

Who wrote a hostile account of the Second Crusade blaming the Byzantines for its failure?

Answer 434

Odo of Deuil

Question 435

Who, along with Roger of Mowbray ‘took the cross’ in 1185 in response to Heraclius and the pope’s appeal?

Answer 435

Hugh of Beauchamp

Question 436

Whose attacks on Byzantium limited its willingness to help the Second Crusade?

Answer 436

Roger II of Sicily

Question 437

Whose coup in 1186 brought the controversial Frenchman Guy of Lusignan to Jerusalem’s throne?

Answer 437

Sibylla

Question 438

Whose death in 1180 undermined the Byzantine alliance that had buttressed Outremer?

Answer 438

Manuel I

Question 439

Whose death in 1186 shattered the political unity of the Kingdom of Jerusalem until 1192?

Answer 439

Baldwin V

Question 440

Whose death in July 1174 led to the succession of his leprous thirteen-year old son?

Answer 440

Amalric of Jerusalem

Question 441

Whose death in June 1190, whilst crossing Anatolia, destroyed the German part of the Third crusade?

Answer 441

Frederick I

Question 442

Whose forces did Isaac II attempt to hinder during the Third Crusade?

Answer 442

Frederick I of Germany

Question 443

Whose kingship was undermined by the death of Queen Sibylla outside Acre in 1190?

Answer 443

Guy of Lusignan

Question 444

Whose marriage to the future Henry II of England in 1152 led to increasing rivalry between England and France?

Answer 444

Eleanor of Aquitaine

Question 445

Whose poor relationship with his wife Hodierna concluded with his unusual death at the hands of the Assassins in 1152?

Answer 445

Raymond II of Tripoli

Question 446

Whose trade privileges were greatly extended by Alexius III in 1197, giving the impression that he was partisan to them?

Answer 446

Pisa

Question 447

Whose unexpected death in 1199 released many of his nobles to participate in the Fourth Crusade?

Answer 447

Richard I

Question 448

With which former enemy did Thoros II of Cilicia ally with to attack Byzantine Cyprus in 1156?

Answer 448

Reynald of Antioch

Question 449

With which Sultan of Rum did Saladin have an uneasy and mutually untrusting relationship?

Answer 449

Kilij Arlsan II