The Fourth Crusade and relations with Byzantium

Question 1

Which city did the Ayyubid al-Aziz attempt to take from his brother al-Afdal in 1194 and 1195?

Answer 1

Damascus

Question 2

Which German Emperor launched the German Crusade of 1197 but died in September 1197 before he could join it?

Answer 2

Henry VI

Question 3

Which ruler of Jerusalem died in September 1197 after accidentally falling from a window?

Answer 3

Henry of Champagne

Question 4

Who was Saladin’s brother that by 1197 had started to achieve prominence over the other surviving Ayyubids?

Answer 4

al-Adil

Question 5

Along with Sidon, which port was captured by the German Crusade of 1197 in September 1197?

Answer 5

Beirut

Question 6

Which Frankish city was captured by al-Adil during the German Crusade of 1197?

Answer 6

Jaffa

Question 7

Which kingdom did Queen Isabella of Jerusalem’s fourth husband Aimery (from 1198) also rule?

Answer 7

Cyprus

Question 8

Which new pope from January 1198 was highly ambitious and determined to assert papal leadership of crusading?

Answer 8

Innocent III

Question 9

Which papal bull did Pope Innocent III use to launch the Fourth Crusade on 15 August 1198?

Answer 9

Post Miserabile

Question 10

Who was the charismatic preacher recruited by Innocent III to gather support for the Fourth Crusade?

Answer 10

Fulk of Neuilly

Question 11

Who was the papal legate sent to Venice to secure naval support and transportation for the Fourth Crusade?

Answer 11

Soffredo

Question 12

At which castle did senior French lords met in November 1199, where they pledged to go on a crusade?

Answer 12

Ecry-sur-Aisne

Question 13

Whose unexpected death in 1199 released many of his nobles to participate in the Fourth Crusade?

Answer 13

Richard I

Question 14

Who was the first leader of the crusade and brother of Henry of Champagne, the former king of Jerusalem?

Answer 14

Theobald of Champagne

Question 15

Which cousin of Theobald of Champagne took the cross with him at Ecry in November 1199?

Answer 15

Louis of Blois

Question 16

Which rich, powerful noble in Europe whose family had a long crusading pedigree joined the crusade shortly after Ecry?

Answer 16

Baldwin of Flanders

Question 17

What term is used to describe the social ties/obligations of some Latin noble families to crusade like their forefathers?

Answer 17

crusading pedigrees

Question 18

What was the secretly agreed initial target of the Fourth Crusade in order to make Jerusalem secure?

Answer 18

Egypt

Question 19

Which city-state offered transportation and supplies for 33,500 knights, squires and footsoldiers?

Answer 19

Venice

Question 20

How much did the French Fourth crusade negotiators agree would be paid under the April 1201 Treaty of Venice?

Answer 20

85,000 marks

Question 21

How many war galleys did the Venetians offer to aid the Fourth Crusade in return for an equal share of any loot?

Answer 21

Fifty

Question 22

How many of the expected 33,500 crusaders had arrived by Autumn 1202?

Answer 22

c.12,000

Question 23

Despite huge financial sacrifices how much was still owed by the crusaders to the Venetians by late Autumn 1202?

Answer 23

c.34,000 marks

Question 24

Which Christian city did the Venetians ask the crusade to capture for them in return for extending them a loan?

Answer 24

Zara

Question 25

Which papal legate refused to condone the diversion to Zara and did not accompany them there?

Answer 25

Peter Capuano

Question 26

Which blind, elderly, and clever Doge of Venice took the cross (after the crusade was diverted to Zara) in September 1202?

Answer 26

Enrico Dandalo

Question 27

Which brother of Conrad led the Fourth Crusade from August 1201 after Theobald’s death?

Answer 27

Boniface of Montferrat

Question 28

The leader of which faction opposed to attacking Zara sought to undermine Dandalo’s negotiations in November 1202?

Answer 28

Simon de Montfort

Question 29

What, held by abbot Guy of Vaux de Cernay, forbade the Fourth Crusaders to attack Zara under threat of excommunication?

Answer 29

papal letter

Question 30

When did Zara fall to the Fourth Crusade (and was then ransacked)?

Answer 30

24 November 1202

Question 31

When did Boniface of Montferrat rejoin the Fourth Crusade to discuss Prince Alexius’s offer having missed the attack on Zara?

Answer 31

December 1202

Question 32

Which element of the Fourth crusade was excommunicated for a lack of penance regarding the attack on Zara?

Answer 32

Venetians

Question 33

Who offered to pay 200,000 marks (among other things) to divert the Fourth crusade to Constantinople?

Answer 33

Prince Alexius (IV)

Question 34

Which claimant to be German Emperor supported his brother-in-law Alexius Angelus in diverting the Fourth Crusade?

Answer 34

Philip of Swabia

Question 35

When, possibly prompting revenge, had Venetians and their possessions been seized throughout the Byzantine Empire?

Answer 35

1171

Question 36

Which usurper was removed from the Byzantine throne with crusader support in July 1203?

Answer 36

Alexius III

Question 37

Which French negotiator and participant wrote an account of the Fourth Crusade?

Answer 37

Geoffrey of Villehardouin

Question 38

Who opposed diversion to Constantinople, was sent to Outremer to explain the delay and did not speedily return?

Answer 38

Renaud de Montmirail

Question 39

Who led a Flemish fleet that rejected the proposed diversion to Constantinople and sailed to Outremer?

Answer 39

John of Nesles

Question 40

Where did the Fourth Crusade arrive in May 1203, encounter resistance to Alexius and face massive internal division?

Answer 40

Corfu

Question 41

By which crusader deadline was it clear that Alexius IV could not pay all that he had promised them?

Answer 41

September 1203

Question 42

Until when did Alexius IV ask the Fourth Crusade to stay at Constantinople after failing to fully pay them?

Answer 42

March 1204

Question 43

When did crusader relations with Alexius IV collapse despite his previous promises to pay them?

Answer 43

December 1203

Question 44

Who was deposed in a place coup in January 1204 and then murdered in February 1204?

Answer 44

Alexius IV

Question 45

What did Latin priests claim the Greeks were, therefore justifying the attack in April 1204 (violating Innocent III’s wishes)?

Answer 45

schismatics

Question 46

Which Byzantine usurper fled Constantinople just before the Fourth Crusade successfully attacked on 12-13 April 1204?

Answer 46

Alexius V

Question 47

Which city took three entire days for the Fourth crusade to sack in mid-April 1204?

Answer 47

Constantinople

Question 48

What was the total estimated amount looted from Constantinople by the Fourth Crusade in April 1204?

Answer 48

c. 800,000 silver marks

Question 49

Who was one of the nobles of Outremer who left to move to Constantinople after the Fourth Crusade?

Answer 49

Stephen of Perche

Question 50

Which territories were conquered by the Fourth Crusade and diverted future crusading away from Outremer?

Answer 50

Frankish Greece

Question 51

Which battle in 1176 destroyed the Byzantine army of Emperor Manuel I?

Answer 51

Myriocephalum

Question 52

When, possibly prompting revenge, had Latin merchants been massacred in Constantinople?

Answer 52

1182

Question 53

When did the pro-Frankish Emperor Manuel I die?

Answer 53

1180

Question 54

Who was the unpopular Latin mother and regent for Alexius II in the years 1180 to 1182?

Answer 54

Maria of Antioch

Question 55

Who seized the Byzantine throne in 1183 and had Alexius II murdered?

Answer 55

Andronicus I

Question 56

Which prominent Latin nobleman was murdered in the Byzantine power struggle in 1183?

Answer 56

Renier of Montferrat

Question 57

Hostility to which group was stirred up by Andronicus I to maintain his grip on power?

Answer 57

Latins

Question 58

Who invaded Byzantium in 1185 and sacked Thessalonica?

Answer 58

William II of Sicily

Question 59

Who seized the Byzantine throne and killed Andronicus I in September 1185?

Answer 59

Isaac II Angelus

Question 60

Who did Isaac II seemingly forge an alliance with out of fear of his power?

Answer 60

Saladin

Question 61

Whose forces did Isaac II attempt to hinder during the Third Crusade?

Answer 61

Frederick I of Germany

Question 62

Which Byzantine city did Frederick I seize in 1189 in retaliation for Isaac II’s acts against him?

Answer 62

Philippopolis

Question 63

Where were Frederick I’s ambassadors incarcerated by Isaac II in 1189?

Answer 63

Constantinople

Question 64

What had declined to only thirty galleys by 1196?

Answer 64

Byzantine navy

Question 65

A failing war with which country between 1190 and 1195 led Isaac II’s brother Alexius III to overthrow him in 1195?

Answer 65

Bulgaria

Question 66

Who offered to pay 200,000 marks to divert the Fourth Crusade to Constantinople?

Answer 66

Prince Alexius

Question 67

When did the Fourth crusaders successfully capture Constantinople for their ally, removing Alexius III?

Answer 67

July 1203

Question 68

What was made worse by the 1204 sack of Constantinople?

Answer 68

Great Schism

Question 69

When did Manuel I arrest all Venetians in the Byzantine Empire and confiscate their property?

Answer 69

March 1171

Question 70

When Doge Michiel return to Venice with the fleet remnants after being defeated in the Byzantine-Venetian War?

Answer 70

May 1172

Question 71

When did the Venetians sign a treaty with Norman Sicily in an attempt to force Byzantines to improve relations?

Answer 71

1175

Question 72

Which Venetian ambassador negotiated the return of the Venetians to Constantinople in the years 1182 to 1184?

Answer 72

Enrico Dandalo

Question 73

Along with the release of all prisoners what Byzantine compensation was arranged by 1184 for Venice for their losses from 1171?

Answer 73

1,500 pounds of gold

Question 74

In what year was the Venetian quarter of Constantinople greatly expanded by Isaac II?

Answer 74

1189

Question 75

In what year was the Pisan quarter of Constantinople greatly expanded by Isaac II?

Answer 75

1192

Question 76

Whose trade privileges were greatly extended by Alexius III in 1197, giving the impression that he was partisan to them?

Answer 76

Pisa

Question 77

What percentage of her losses from 1171 had Venice been compensated for in reparations payments by 1203?

Answer 77

Eighty-five

Question 78

In what year had Alexius I originally granted the Venetians huge trade privileges in return for aid against the Normans?

Answer 78

1082

Question 79

Which Byzantine emperor had attempted to revoke the privileges of Venice in the 1120s but had been humiliated?

Answer 79

John II

Question 80

When did a Greek mob attack Latin merchants in Constantinople driving the Pisans into supporting the Fourth Crusade?

Answer 80

18 August 1203

Question 81

When did a war break out between between Pisa and Genoa that spread to Constantinople where 1,000 Pisans (with Venetians and Greeks) attacked the 300 Genoese?

Answer 81

Summer 1162

Question 82

In what year did Pisa first gain trading privileges in Byzantium from Alexius I?

Answer 82

1111

Question 83

In what year did Genoa first gain trading privileges in Byzantium from Manuel I?

Answer 83

1155