The Theorists Flashcards
What does Roland Barthes’ theory include?
Semiology and Narrative codes.
What are Roland Barthes 5 Narrative codes?
- Hermeneutic Codes - questions?
- Proairetic Codes - Clues.
- Intertextual References/Cultural Codes - visuals or knowledge used from another media text.
- Symbolic codes - Writerly is a surface level meaning, Readerly is a deeper level meaning.
- Semic Code - Semiology
What are the some aspects Steven Neale’s stated make a genre?
- Genre Iconography
- Technical Codes
- Aural Codes
What did Steven Neale say about Genre?
Genre is made up of instances of repetition and difference.
Difference is essential to the economy of genre.
What is Clay Shirky’s theory called?
What does it include?
Web 2.0
It is the idea that we had a web 1.0 and now we are in the stages of web 2.0 whereby the line between consumers and producers is blurred leading to prosumerism.
What does Henry Jenkins’ theory talk about?
Fandom
1. Fans are active participants
2. Not fully authorised ‘textual poaching’
What does Gerbner and Gross’ theory address?
Cultivation theory
They state that the more frequently you are exposed to an idea or ideology the more likely you are the believe it.
What is Stuart Hall’s audience theory?
Audiences can either have a preferred, negotiated or opposed reading position to a piece of work.
What is Bandura’s theory?
Audience’s are passive and will act like the media they consume.
Bobo Doll experiment
Hypodermic Needle model - ideologies are being pushed into the audience like an injection.
What did Blumler and Katz say?
There are 5 uses and gratifications of media.
1. Personal Identification
2. Sexual Gratification
3. Social interaction
4. Entertainment and Escapism
5. Education and Information
What did Claude Levi-Strauss say?
There will always be Binary Opposites within a media text.
What are the 5 stages to Todorov’s theory?
- Unstable equilibrium
- Disruption to the equilibrium
- recognition of the disruption
- Attempt to resolve the disruption
- Stable equilibrium
What are David Hesmondhalgh’s theories called?
Cultural Industries
and
Cultural Formatting
What is Curran and Seaton’s theory?
Conglomerates only want profit and power which leads them to create media products that are unoriginal
What did Livingstone and Lunt say?
Must have a freedom of press
Act in the public interest
Protect citizens from harrassment
What did Stuart Hall say about representation?
The tropes of black characters within media.
1. The native trope
2. The clown trope
3. The exotic
What extra trope do we get from Alvarado?
The pitied trope
What does Stuart Hall say about stereotypes?
People are reduced to codes and conventions, these have most commonly been created when there has been inequality or an imbalance of power.
What is bell hooks’ theory?
Intersectionality.
Whereby there is an order to how you are discriminated against.
What did Paul Gilroy say?
Non-white people and characters are seen through a lens of ‘otherness’ and that we have a racial hierarchy.
What is David Gauntlett’s theory?
What does he say?
Pick’N’Mix theory
We used to have traditional roles for gender identities.
Now we have a more diverse range of icons and stars to pick and choose our own identity from.
What are the 2 main parts to Van-Zoonen’s theory?
Spectacle and Behaviour
What did Van-Zoonen say about spectacle?
Men appear to be strong and in heroic position in media.
Women are sexualised in media.
What did Van-Zoonen say about behaviour?
Men belong to the world of work and politics.
Women belong to the world of the home and domestic.
What does Judith Bulter’s theory address?
Gender Performance.
Gender is performative and constructed by the way we express ourselves rather than our sex.
It is the idea that performativity is not a singular act but the repetition of things, causing it to become ritual.
What does Scheff say?
In media we most commonly have seen emotional unavailable males.
What does Jackson Katz address?
Males resolve issues with anger.
What is Laura Mulvey’s theory?
Male Gaze.
The camera is a heterosexual male.
What is Amy Coplen’s theory?
Emotional Contagion.
Close up shots + time = emotive shot
What is Eisentein’s theory?
Intellectual Montage.
One shot by itself may mean something different if it is followed by a different shot.
