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Kinesiology > The spine, thorax, and abdomen > Flashcards

The spine, thorax, and abdomen Flashcards

1
Q

How many bones in the spine?

A
  • 7 cervicle (atlas and axis)
  • 12 thoracic
  • 5 lumbar
  • sacrum (5 fused bones)
  • Coccyx (3-5 fused bones)

24 bones total

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2
Q

Know the structures on the vertebrae

A
  • pedicle
  • lamina
  • transverse processes
  • vertebral body
    *
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3
Q

What are the 3 curvatures of the spine?

A
  • Kyphosis: curve at the thoracic and sacral region (normal)
  • Lordosis: curve at the cervicla and lumbar region (normal)
  • Scoloisis: abnormal lateral deviation of the spine
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4
Q

What are the intervertebral discs

A
  • discs constitute 1/4 the length
  • 80-90% h20
  • cervical and lumar are thicker aneriorly
  • but the thpracic is a uniform thickness
  • the outer ring is called annulus fibrosis
  • inner portion is called nucleus pulposus
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5
Q

Describe where the facet joints are located and what type of joint and motion occurs there

A
  • located between the inferior articular facet of the top vertebra and the superior articiular facet of the adjacent vertebra
  • diarthrofdial joints that have a capsule
  • the motion and ability to move at the spine is largely determined by the arrangment of the facets
  • example: zygoapophyseal joints
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6
Q

Describe where the cervicle facet joints are and what motions they do

A
  • 1/2 way between frontal and transversal planes
  • allow rotation, flexion, and lateral flexion
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7
Q

What motions and what plane does the thoracic facet joints move in

A
  • they are more in the frontal plane at 60 degree angles
  • allows for rotation and some lateral flexion
  • it cant do flexion or extension becuase the angle of the facet (+ big spinous process gets in the way) and blocks it and so do the ribs
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8
Q

What plane and what motions do the lumbar facet joints do?

A
  • they move in the frontal plane
  • allows for flexion and limits rotation
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9
Q

why do the facet joints all have different functions?

A

It allows for stability overall

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10
Q

What are trunk motion limiters?

A
  • Disc thickness and shape
  • ligamnet thickness and strength (11 total and 7 limit flexion)
  • Spine curvature: alternating curvature provides stability and protects against scoliosis
  • Pressure and tension stresses: discs push vertebrae apart and ligaments pull them together
  • Direction and obliquity of factes
  • Size and obliquity of spinous process
  • articulation of vertebra and ribs
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11
Q

What is a disc herniation and where is it most common?

A

Disc herniation: the nucleus pulposus is displaced, always goes posteriorly
* Seen in cervical and lumbar spine due to the thinner posterior section

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12
Q

What is the atlanto-occipital joint located and what type of joint?

A
  • between occipital bone of skull and 1st vertebra (atlas) one on each side (L and R)
  • Condyloid joint: allows for flexion/extension, limited lateral motion, and no rotation
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13
Q

Where is the atlantoaxial joint located and what type of joint is it?

A
  • between 1st (atlas) and 2nd (axis) cervical vertebra; the dens (odontoid process meets the occipital bone of the skull through space provided by the atlas
  • it is a pivot joint (so it is made to rotate)
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14
Q

What does the ligamentum nuchae do?

A

It limits cervical flexion and serves as attachment site for muscles

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15
Q

What are the ligaments of the spine?

A
  • ligamentum flavum (it is on the posterior aspect of the spinal cord)
  • Intratransverse: one TP to the next TP
  • Intraspinious: deeper
  • Supraspinous: more superficial
  • Anterior longitudinal: runs along front of the body
  • Posterior longitudinal: runs posterior of the body of the vertebrae
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16
Q

What makes up the thorax?

A

Ribs:
1. true: direct connection to sternum
2. false: shared attachment
3. floating: no attacthment to sternum

Sternum:
- clavicular notches
- manubrium
- body
- xiphoid process (at the bottom)

Cartilage:

17
Q

What are the rib and spine joints?

A
  • Sternocostal: rib attaches to sternum
  • Costocondral: cartilage connects to the rib
  • Costovertebral joint: connect ribs to vertrebral column
  • Costotransverse joint: between articular costal tubercle of the rib and the costal transverse process of the thoracic vertebrae
18
Q

KNOW OIA for scalenes, scm, quadratus lumborum, internal/external oblique, rectus abdominus, transverse adominus

A

OIA

19
Q

What are the 2 muscles of the neck?

A
  1. Sternocleidomastoid
    O: 2 heads: sternum and clavicle
    I: mastoid process
    A: contralateral rotation and flexion
  2. Scalenes (anterior, middle, posterior)
    O: (3 heads) just know ribs 1 and 2
    I: transverse process of cervicle vertebrae
    A: lateral flexion and elevates the ribs (helps aid in breathing)
20
Q

What are the trunk extensors (superficial and deep)?

A

Superficial
- trapezius
- lattimus dorsi

Deep:
- erector spinae
- transversospinal group (semispinalis, multifidus, rotatores)
- short segmenal group (intertransversarius, interspinalis)
- Quadratus lumborum

21
Q

What are the erector spinae muscles?

A

ALL are spinal EXTENSORS (i love spaghetti)

  • Illiocostalis: cervicis, thoracis, and lumborum
  • Longisimus: capitus, cervicis, thoracis
  • Spinalis: capitis, cervicis, thoracis
22
Q

What are the muscles of the vertebral column superficial?

A
  • splenius capitus
  • Splenius cervicis

splenius likes to lenius (more on an oblique line)
- helps with ipsilateral rotation

23
Q

What are the deeper muscles of the vertebral column?

A
  • semispinalis capitis
  • semispinalis cervicis

they sit in the occipital triangle
AID IN EXTENSION of head and neck

24
Q

What is the quadtratus lumborum?

A

4 sides of the lumbar spine
* O: posterior illiac crest
* I: transverese process of lumbar vertebra and 12th rib
* A: an extensor of spine, aids in lateral flexion

important connection between torso and lower body (helps stabilize the back)

25
Q

What are the 3 groups of the transversospinal group and what is its function?

A
  1. multifidus
  2. Rotatores
  3. Semispinalis

Helps create a stiff and stable spine
- part of a strong core

26
Q

What are the 2 muscles in the short segment group and what is their combined actions?

A
  • Intratransversarius (TP to TP)
  • Interspinales (SP to SP)

Action: spine stiffener and stabilizers

27
Q

List the 3 trunk flexors and 3 synergistic muscles

A

Trunk flexors:
- rectus abdominus
- ext/internal abdominis
- transverse abdominus

Syngergistic muscles:
- illiospoas
- pectoralis major (upper trunk)
- rectus femoris (hip)

28
Q

What are the abdominal muscles?

A
  • rectus abdominis
  • extenral abdominal oblique
  • Internal abdominal oblique
  • transverse abdominus (deepest)
29
Q

OIA external obliue and internal oblique

A

External oblique:
- O: ribs 5-12 and TLF
- I: linea alba, illiac crest, inguinal ligamnet
- A: contralateral rotation and ipsilateral flexion

Internal oblique:
- O: TLF, illiac crest, inguinal ligament
- I: linea alba, aponeurotic intersection in RA
- A: ipsilateral rotation and side bending

30
Q

OIA for rectus abdominus and transverse abdominus?

A

Rectus Abdominus
- O: pubic tubercles
- I: ribs 5-7 and xiphoid process
- A: trunk flexion and posterior pelvic tilt

Transverse abdominis:
- O: costal margin, TLF, illiac crest, inguinal ligament
- I: linea alba, pubic symphsysi, xiphoid process

31
Q

Why should you lift with legs and not back

A
  • If you lift with your back, the moment arm increases, which makes it harder to lift and feels heavier, also the back rounds which means the the nucleus pulposis is more likley get pushed back and herniated
  • lift with your legs= shortened moment arm, maintan lordocis curve of spien, less shearing force at spine and more stability
32
Q

What is flexion-relaxation phenomenon?

A

FRP = when the erector spinae helps us with eccentric contraction as we lower ourselves down to touch our toes. But as we get to teh bottom in full flexion the trunk extensors relax
- bc the ligaments hold tight so our muscles can relax
- occurs in normal spine, but with disc heriation it is absent

  • consnat electticla msucle activity in absent FRP bc of spasms to hold us upright, wheras in normal spine entension into standing has highest electical acitivity and none when iin full flexion
33
Q

What are the sit-up phases?

A

1st phase (trunk flexion)
- abdominal muscles are active
- posterior tilt of pelvis

2nd phase (hip flexion phase)
- rectus femoris and illiopsoas are active
- axis of rotation moves from the spine to hips
- hip flexor become more active

34
Q

Which sit-up technique is better for abs? anchored or unanchored

A
  • unanchored is better
  • bc when you anchor down the feet, they pull up againts the weight and activate, taking away activation from the abs and moving some to the legs
35
Q

Explain the findings by Hildenbrand and noble (2004) on the best ab exercises?

A

Kinesiology (16 decks)

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