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Kinesiology > The Shoulder > Flashcards

The Shoulder Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of the shoulder?

A
  • great mobility BUT compromised stability
  • (stability is provided by muscles not by bony structures)
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2
Q

What are the bones of the humerus?

A
  • humeral head
  • neck
  • greater tuberosity
  • lesser tuberosity
  • bicipital groove (intertubercular sulcus)
  • med/lateral epicondyles
  • deltoid tuberosity
  • trcohlea and capitulum
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3
Q

What are the bones on the scapula?

A
  • infraspinosus fossa
  • scapular spine
  • cocacoid process
  • acromion
  • glenoid
  • medial/lateral borders
  • inferior border
  • subscalpular fossa
  • superior and inferior angle
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4
Q

Describe the glenohumeral joint?

A
  • “shoulder joint”; between glenoid of the scapula and head of the humerus
  • diarthrodial: less restictive form of ball & socket; [synovial joint, capsule surrounds the area]
  • shallow glenoid and smaller humeral head
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5
Q

Describe the ROM of the glenohumeral joint in different positions? Bonus what is the difference between static and dynamic stability?

A

Open position: (correponds with dynamic stability)
* 55 degrees ABd.
* 30 degrees Horizonatl ADduction
* (position looks like a person holding the reins of a horse)
* all stabillity from muscles

Closed packed position: (corresponds with static stability)
* abd and extenal rotation
* use of ligaments to control this position
* (position looks like a picther with their arm back)

Static stability: end range of motion
- all stability from ligaments
Dynamic stability: middle range of motion
- all stability from muscles bc none of the ligaments are being stretched or contracting

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6
Q

What are the acromioclavicular, sternoclavicular, and scapulothoracic joints?

A

Acomioclavicular:
* between the acromion of the scapula and clavicle

Sternoclavicular: helps with transfering force
* between sternum and (proximal end of) clavicle
* cartliganous joint
* only connection between axial skeleton and the humerus (appendicular skeleton)

Scapulothoracic:
* not your typical joint* bc it is not held by any ligamentous structures*, only held by muscles
* between scapula and thorax cage

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7
Q

What is the sternoclavicular ligament, costoclavicular ligamnet, and acromioclavicular ligament?

A

Sternoclavicular ligament:
* has anterior and posterior bands
* Action = limits anterior/posterior translation of sternal end of clavicle

Costcoclavicular ligament: from 1st rib into the clavicle
* Action = limits superior displacemnet of the acromial extremity of clavicle, assists in supporting the SC joint (the ribs stops us from bringing down the clavicle so we don’t need any inferior ligamentous structures)

Acromioclavicular ligament:
* A: limits the superior translation of acromial end (distal end) of the clavicle, but permits clavicular spin (occurs when you abduct your shoulder)

Coracoclavicular ligament: from coracoid process into the clavicle
* Action = limits superior motion of clavicle (2 bands)
* Conoid ligament and trapazoid ligament make up the 2 bands

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8
Q

What are the angles of the humerus and glenoid?

A
  • Humerus: the head inclines 135 degrees and faces backwards 30 degrees
  • Glenoid: tilts upwards and retroverts about 5 degrees
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9
Q

What are the GH ligaments?

A
  • superior
  • middle
  • inferior: anterior and posterior
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10
Q

What ligaments limit motions? Know the chart on pg 6

A

Position of humerus & ligaments resonsible
* Ext. Rot. 0 abduct = superior GH and coracohumeral
* Ex Rot. 45 abduct = middle and inferior GH
* Ext Rot. 90 abduct = inferior GH
* Int. Rot. 90 abduct = inferior GH (posterior band)
* Inferior displacement 0 abduct = superior GH, and coracohumeral
* Inferior displacemnet 90 abduct = inferior GH

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11
Q

Where do most shoulder dislocations occur?

A

Occur during external rotation, bc the anterior band is injuried more than the posterior band

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12
Q

Describe OIA for the deltoids?

A

ANT and POST have reverse actions besides abduction
Anterior delt
* O: distal end of the clavicle
* I: deltoid tuberosity
* A: flex, internally rotate, horizontal adduction or (horizonatl flexion)
Middle delt
* O: acromion
* I: deltoid tubersity
* ONLY abduction
Posterior delt
* O: scapular spine
* I: deltoid tuberosity
* extension, external rotation, horizontal abbduction or extension

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13
Q

OIA of pec major and pec minor?

A

They both are very different

Pec major:
* O: proximal end of the clavicle and body of the sternum
* I: floor of the intertubercular sulcus (bicipetal groover)
* A: internal rotation, horizontal flexion, flexion, and adduction

Pec minor:
* O: ribs 3-5
* I: coracoid process
* A: elevate the ribs and scapular protraction

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14
Q

OIA for the biceps brachii, tricpes brachii, and coracobracialis?

A

Biceps Brachii: 2 heads
* SH: O: coracoid process, I: radial tuberosity, A: flexion
* LH: O; supraglenoid tubercle, I: radial tuberosity, A: flexion

Tricpes bachii:
* Lateral head: O: neck of the scapula, I: olecranon process, A: extension of shoulder and elbow

Coracobrachialis:
* O: coracoid, I: midshaft of humerus, A: flex and horizonatlly adduct the shoulder

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15
Q

OIA of the latissiumus dorsi?

A

The widest muscle in the back
* O: thoracic and lumabr vertrebrae, thoracolumbar fascia, illiac crest
* I: floor of the bicipetal groove
* A: adduction, internally rotate, and extension of shoulder

(The origin is behind the joint but inserts in front of the joint)

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16
Q

OIA of the teres major

A

The “little lat”
Not part of the rotator cuff
* O: inferior angle of the scapula
* I: just below the intertubercular sulcus (bicipetal groove)
* A: adduction, internally rotate, and extensor of shoulder

17
Q

What are the rotator cuff muscles and what are the OIA?

A

Supraspinatus:
* O: supraspinous fossa
* I: top of the greater tubercle
* A: initiate abduction (only about 30 degrees)

Infraspinatus:
* O: indraspinous fossa
* I: posterior side of greater tubercle
* A: external rotation

Teres minor:
* O: lateral border (of scapula)
* I: posterior side of greater tubercle
* A: external rotation

Subscapularis:
* O: subscapular fossa
* I: lesser tubercle
* Internal rotation
(does this bc it is anterior, wheas the others are on the posterior side)

18
Q

Why are the rotator cuff muscles so important and what is the muscle most torn?

A

Important dynamic stabilizer of shoulder, keeps the humeral head in the glenoid
* creates joint reaction force
* When we throw a abll our arm wants to fly out of its socket but the rotator cuff surrounds it and keeps the humeral head right in the glenoid

The most torn muscle is the supraspinatus

19
Q

What are the scapulothoracic movements?

A
  • elevation (shoulder shrug)/depression (opposite)
  • upward rotation/downward rotation (can’t isolate)
  • Protraction (give a hug)/retraction (pinch shoulder blades)
  • Scaption
20
Q

OIA of the traps?

A

Most superficial group of back
Upper Trapezius:
* O: ligamentum nuchae, cervicle vertebrae C1-C7
* I: scapular spine
* A: scapular elevation

Middle Trapezius:
* T1-T5
* I: scapular spine
* A: retraction of scapula

Lower Trapezius:
* O: T5-T12
* I: scapular spine
* A: depress scapula

21
Q

OIA of Levator scapulae and serratus anterior?

A

Levator Scapulae:
* O: superior angle
* I: C1-C4
* A: elevate scapula

Serratus Anterior
* O: ribs 1-7
* I: medial border of scapula
* A: protraction

22
Q

OIA of rhomboid major and minor?

A

Minor:
* O: T1-T2
* I: medial border of scapula
* A: retraction, elevation, downward rotion

Major:
* O: T2-T5
* I: medial border of scapula
* A: retraction, elevation, and downward rotation

23
Q

Describe the mechanism of the SC joint when in the transverse plane?

A
  • SC joint rolls and slides in the same direction duing protraction and retraction
  • concave on convex
24
Q

Describe the mechanism of the SC joint in the frontal plane?

A
  • Roll and glide happen in opposite directions during GH abduction/adduction
  • Clavcile goes up but slides down to stay in contact with the sternum
  • convex on concave
25
Q

What allows the SC to follow both concave-convex and vice versa?

A

The clavicle and manibrium have a very specific type of joint –> saddle joint
* it has subtle curves/bumps in different directions
* The shape is not perfectly flat (thumb is also like this)

26
Q

Abduction VS Scaption?

A

The scapular plane deviates 35 degrees anteriorly from the frontal plane to meet the humeral head of the humerus
* It puts us in the plane best for our supraspinatus muscle to contract
* Subtle rotation gets the greater tubercle just out of the way of the acromion process
* Think of doing Y raises as scaption and doing lateral raises as abduction

27
Q

What is the scapulohumeral rhythm?

A

For every glenohumeral motion there is a scapular motion
* occurs in a 2(humeral motion):1(scapular motion) ratio after the first 30 degrees of abduction (that the suprasinatus does) and flexion
* scapula does upward rotation as shoulde abducts
* coordinated motion between scapula and glenohumeral

28
Q

What is the purpose of the scapulohumeral rhythm?

A
  • Increases overall ROM
  • Reduces chance of injury by moving the acromion out of the way
  • keeps the humeral head in glenoid and creates more stability at the shoulder joint
  • maintains optimal position of the head of the humerus in glenoid
  • Maintains a good length-tension relationship for the muscles (deltoids)–> it pulls the origin from the insertion a bit while allowing the deltoid to continue to contact instead of being “stuck”
29
Q

What is the role of the rotator cuff in scapulohumeral rhythm?

A
  • pulls humerus into the glenoid
  • Counteracts strong superior translation force on humerus
  • the “force-couple” between the delts and rotator cuff (delts move up and out, while the rotator cuff helps pull down and in) –> they counteract each other

The muscle has a syngerisic effect where it is stabilizing the motion

30
Q

What is scapulohumeral dyskinesis?

A
  • the scapula jumps down on one side only
  • we want to see a smooth ROM
  • it has lost its connection between the scapula and humerus
31
Q

What is scapular winging?

A

It is a form of dyskinesis
* there is a medial scapular border prominence (the medial border pops out)
* problems wiyj serratis anterior bc it helps keep the medial border down to the rib cage.

2 main causes:
1. neurogenic: nerve (the long thoracic nerve from brachial plexus innervates the serratus anterior)
2. myogenic: muscle weakness

32
Q

What type of joint is the sternoclavicular joint?

A

Saddle joint

Kinesiology (16 decks)

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